Bell Helicopters: A Legacy of Global Innovation

buzzer Helicopters A Legacy of Global InnovationAbstract toll Helicopters began as an seek of Lawrence bell shape when he created doorbell Aircraft Corporation. Through his admiration for zephyr, a feed along grew that would help the allies, with the P-39 fighter and B-29 bomber, win the Second World War and conquer the the Tempter of the sound barrier by reaching Mach 1 with the X-1 flown by Captain Chuck Yeager. When Larry ships bell turned his passion to vertical leakage, a sore intentness was born, the chop. bell shape Aircraft would become the first beau monde to fix produce the helicopter and produced such icons as the cost Huey, Huey Cobra, and Bell Kiowa. These helicopters would redefine modern warfare and pave the way for civilian use of the machines. Bell Helicopters would emerge from the Bell Aircraft Corporation and produce helicopters for the world. The amaze 206, Jet Ranger would see satisfying use in every corner of the globe in almost any helicopter job imaginable. Bell Helicopters would create alliances with companies such as Agusta, Boeing, and Air Methods Corporation and ultimately merge with and become a marcher of the global Textron Corporation. Bell Helicopter continues to be an international leader in technologies and airframes with annual global revenue of $3.5 billion, and whose run and carrefours, such as the Bell 505-X and the Bell 525 Relentless, go out serve the global economy for the far-reaching approaching.Helicopters have played a vital role in aviation since their inception in the late 1930s. While airplanes travel specifically from point to point, helicopters provide the enroute services to the destination. The helicopter was born during the first half century of powered flight and several key inventors at the time stand out. This paper allow follow one of them, Lawrence Bell, namesake of Bell Helicopters. During the early years of flight, airplanes were capturing the hearts of crowds everywhere wit h their ever-increasing speeds, distances, and capabilities. Larry Bell, an aircraft designer and manufacturer saw the potential for a closer to the earth, smaller, more personal airframe that would serve both multitude and civilian needs. Bell Aircraft Corporation, as Bell Helicopters was initially named, would begin by producing aircraft for the WWII effort and followed with vital X- programs in aircraft design. Their aircraft would provide the Axis powers with the equipment unavoidable to win the war and the development and realization of supersonic flight that followed. When Larry Bell realized the need for a civilian version of array helicopters, Bell Helicopters was established and has grown today into an international phenomenon that influences people all everywhere the world. Almost all communities in the world are effected by the piece of work that helicopters perform on a daily basis and a significant portion of those helicopters have been built by Bell Helicopters. Th is paper shares an insight into the write up, formative years, programs, legacy, current and future products, mergers, international challenges and businesses, and future forecast for Bell Helicopters a legacy of global innovation.Larry Bell The Nucleus of the InnovationLawrence Bell was born in a rural town in Indiana in 1894, exactly his love of aviation and airplanes began, homogeneous so many aviation enthusiast, after attending an airshow, when his family moved to California just before his 16th birthday. Bell never finished high school and dropped out to join his older brother, Gr everyplace, who had become an exhibition pilot, working with Lincoln Beachey and pioneer airplane builder Glenn L. Martin of the Martin caller. Larry Bell began to work as an aircraft mechanic moreover became a stockroom clerk after his brother was killed in an aircraft accident. Moving up the company, Bell rose to vice professorship and general manager in 1920, of the aircraft manufacturing a nd demonstration company. Nevertheless in 1925, after disagreements with Martin, Larry Bell left the Martin Company. It would be three years before he would fork out to the aircraft manufacturing business, and this time, Bell was promised guarantees of interest in the company. That company, Consolidated Aircraft, would retrovert Bell the experience he needed to foster his own company, and when Consolidated moved to California from innovative York, Larry Bell and his general manager would stay behind and develop their own company.Bell Aircraft, opened its doors in July of 1935, by renting space in the occasion Consolidated Aircraft plant in New York (Lips, 2007). The company would build its first aircraft, the XFM-1 Airacuda, for the U.S. military, in 1937. Even though only thirteen airframes were built, it proved that Bell Aircraft Company could produce high quality, innovatively designed aircraft. The company was substantiated.Establishing a LegacyIn 1938, Bell was sent to Euro pe with other leaders in the aviation constancy to observe aviation capabilities at the time. While in Germany, Bell was enthralled by the German mass- deed assembly lines as opposed to the workshop, single airframe production at home. He would write home Production methods here are far superior to anything in America or any other country, because theyre doing this on a large scale that lends itself to progressive production methods (Lips, 2007). During his tours of the German production factories, Larry Bell would see a craft that would profoundly impress him, a Focke Fa 61 helicopter. He would file this away for later when the aircraft would change him and his namesake company.On returning to Buffalo, N.Y., Bell would introduce the mass production he had observed in Germany. In 1938, he would begin design of an aircraft that would allow the company to go from producing only 13 aircraft in a year to assembling over 20 a day, innovating the mass production methods for aircraft asse mbly. This aircraft, the P-39 Airacobra, of which over 9,500 would be built was initially intended for the American and British military. Though design augmentations and changes would prove the aircraft undesirable for its original clients, the Soviets, through the lease-lend Act of 1941, would acquire the airframe and become Bells first international aircraft transactions.The Second Great WarDuring World War II, Bell Aircraft would diversify and develop separate divisions to help oneself the production of other projects for the war effort. It would also create the Bell Modification Center, which during the war would modify aircraft and give valuable experience for the Bell employees when the time came to modulation aircraft from military to fulfill civilian needs. The Bell Aircraft Company would continue its development of aircraft with the P-63 King Cobra, a modified and upgraded version of the P-39 Airacobra. The company would also open a plant in Marietta, GA that helped produ ce the famous B-29 bombers until 1946 when the production ceased. This plant, the first in the South would stand to be an economic boom for the region as most aircraft manufacturing was completed in the Northeast or West Coast of the U.S. (Superfortress,2017).The X PlanesAmericas first jet powered airplane, the XP-59 was developed by Bell Aircraft in secrecy during 1942. Although the aircraft would never see combat during the war, the technologies and designs produced in the development of the XP-59 would usher the Americans into the jet age. In 1944, Bell Aircraft realized the need for a high-speed look aircraft that could explore and test new speed frontiers (Lips, 2007). On October 14, 1947, using a Navy engine, the Bell X-1 piloted by Captain Charles Yeager, would become the first aircraft to break the big(p) sound barrier by traveling faster than Mach 1.0. The X-1 program would set the pattern for all future X-craft programs and the X-1 project defined and solidified the post -war cooperation between U.S. military needs, civil industrial capabilities, and research facilities (NASA,2008). Bell would continue with the X-planes creating the X-5, which was the first aircraft to test the ability to change the sweep angle of its wings in flight, and the X-14 (Type 68), a yearn running test platform for vertical caper and landing (VTOL) that incorporated vectored thrust. Bell Aircraft would become a leader in the theory of leaning-rotor VTOL, first with the XV-3 then(prenominal) with the X-22, a quad-ducted fan tilt-rotor. The XV-15, a tri-bladed rotating wing-pod VTOL, would take the company into a new direction by providing the technology that would set the stage for the future of vertical spoof and landing aircraft.No Runway Needed the Age of the RotorcraftWhen Lawrence Bell first became intrigued in Germany with the helicopter design witnessed, he may not have cognize the true impact it would have on his future. Bell had heard of a young inventor and philosophy student, Author Middleton, who had developed a working archetype of a helicopter, and in 1941 brought him onboard to lead a team to create and construct the first Bell helicopter. The team would set up shop in a newly acquired, former Chrysler dealership, in Gardenville, N.Y. Six months later the team had a helicopter made of plywood beams, magnesium, fir and balsa wood rotor blades, and powered by a 165-hp Franklin engine, the Bell simulate 30, whos first flight was on December 29, 1942 (Bell Helicoters,2017). Production and design correction were made on the aircraft and in 1946 the renamed flummox 47 was granted the first commercialized type certificate for a rotorcraft. This would open the door for the increased research and development of further helicopters. Larry Bell, in receipt to marketing research, directed the engineering team to begin construction on a larger aircraft of the future for the civilian market. The answer from the team was the Bell 42, a 4 pa ssenger helicopter whose design would endure into modern day helicopters. Unfortunately, there was no potential large scale civilian market for the new technology at the time and only two prototypes were made, forcing the Bell Helicopter incision to concentrate on military style helicopters.Bell Helicopter Division would continue the development of the Model 47 throughout the 1940s, but with the war effort and its associated revenue gone, a group of dissident stockholders would attempt a failed antipathetic takeover of the company. The company would weather union strikes and see its wartime employee number of 50,000 drop to less than 3,000 full time employees (Scranton, 2001).The 1950s saw a change for the company and in 1951 the Bell Aircraft Corporation Helicopter Division was relocated to Hurst Texas to separate and concentrate on the helicopter production for the military. The Korean war had ignited a requirement for helicopters and by 1953 the 1000th Model 47 rolled off the a ssembly line. In 1954, a critical component of modern day helicopters was developed, the turbine engine. This would give helicopters a more dependable form of propulsion and move the helicopter from a novelty into a fully functional presents in aviation. In 1956, Lawrence Larry Bell, break-dance and visionary of Bell Aircraft Corporation, passed away. His dreams and salesmanship for his aircraft, and his helicopters in particular, would set the stage for the Bell Helicopter Corporation to be established as a wholly owned subsidiary of Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1957 (Bell, 2017).In 1956 Bell Helicopters, would produce a helicopter that would not only change the company but change the world, the Model 204. This was the first production helicopter to utilize the turbine engine and the timing of its development on the world stage could not come at a bring out period for Bell. The U.S. military was searching for a helicopter for its utility use and the Bell 204 was selected. Researc h and development and would continue into the 1960s when Bell would begin producing in mass, the now famous Huey helicopter, whose name was slang from the military designation HU-1, (helicopter, utility). The Vietnam War would see this aircraft, and the helicopter in general, go from an indulgence to a workhorse. The helicopter would play such a major role in the conflict that the war would become known as the Helicopter War. Over 16,000 airframes have been built by Bell and its licensees of the Model 204 and 205, making it the most successful military helicopter ever built (Bell 205, 2017). This airframe would be the basis for helicopter models that are still world built and flown today. To assist the 204 in its wartime mission, the U.S. military would also require a more formidable aircraft, an attack helicopter, and Bell would answer with the Model 209. The 209 would be a slim, tandem pilot seated helicopter, thats sole mission was with the armament that it carried. This was the first time a helicopter would be utilized in this fashion and over 1600 of the original production models were manufactured. Bell realized the effectiveness of the aircraft for militaries and to date has exported the product to the militaries of Bahrain, Israel, Turkey, Thailand, Spain, South Korea, Pakistan, Jordan, and Japan. These militaries, around the globe, will continue to fly variants of the aircraft into the 2020s (Cobra, 2016).Although these two aircraft would become the key of the military effort for the last half of the century, a smaller, lighter aircraft would be the true link between military and civilian rotorcraft usage for Bell the Model 206. The 206 began life not as a military helicopter but as a civilian light helicopter in 1966 as 206A, but was soon transitioned to its military version for a lightweight observation helicopter, the OH-58A Kiowa. The helicopter would perform well for the military and models C and D would be flown by the U.S. military into the n ew century. Sales of the OH-58A/C and D to foreign nations would include to Australia, Austria, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (Kiowa, 2016). But for Bell, the 206 would provide a tangent that would enter the company into a new era the domination of the civilian helicopter market. The Bell 206 Jet Ranger would become the worlds most utilized light helicopter. It would continue in production from the 1960s until 2010 when Bell delivered its last B206BIII Jet Ranger having built over 8,400 aircraft. The Jet Ranger continues to be the safest single engine aircraft ever built, with the final accident rate of any aircraft, fixed or rotary wing (Huber, 2010).Mergers and VenturesIn 1952 the company began its first joint foreign venture with Agusta of Italy, whom it gave permission for the licensing of the customary Bell 47. Production on several versions and models would continue for over a half century with Agusta building Model 47 s, 48s, and the Huey, model 204. (Agusta, 2017). The Bell-Agusta relationship would continue into the tilt rotor category and in 1998 the Bell Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC) would be formed to produce a civilian version of the tilt rotor vertical takeoff and landing aircraft designated the BA609. The collaboration was dissolved when Agusta merged with another European company, Westland in 2011 and the new company was named the Agusta Westland Tilt Rotor Company.Agusta was just one of the joint ventures Bell Helicopter Company would enter into. During the World War II, Bell would collaborate with Boeing in production of the B-29 bomber, and from 1984 until 2000, would join in an alliance with Fuji of Japan to product that countries model 209 (AH-1) attack helicopter. In 1960 Bell Aircraft corporation was purchase and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Textron Corporation. This provided the financial umbrella for Bell to increase its semipermanent research and development involving helicopters and other specialty projects (Gale, 2006). More recently, in 2000, Bell Helicopters and Air Methods entered into a strategic alliance that will produce medical outrage helicopter interiors for the Bell helicopters that service the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) industry.To the Future and Beyond Bell Helicopters maintains the focus required for creating rotorcraft to suite all the guest needs for the near and far future. From small to large, and with the capabilities to fulfill the roles that customers worldwide will demand, Bell Helicopters will continue to provide quality products at marketable prices. downstairs development are the Bell 505 Jet Ranger X, the Bell 525 Relentless, the VTOL V280 Valor. The Bell 505 is a five-place light helicopter that will fill a void in the Bell production line. The light helicopter category is the fastest growing of all the categories and the 505X is well suited to make the most of the needs of the consumers. The 525 Relentless will provide the super-medium helicopter clients with the performance and styling necessary to support a variety of customer needs, from oil industry transport, to medical services, to ultra-luxury transport. The VTOL V280 Valor will provide the enriched cogency of vertical takeoff and landing and enhance the advantages of high speed deployment for the military sector. These aircraft, and the service and support that accompanies them, will cultivate the companys future endeavors for decades to come.Challenges and TrialsThe demand for helicopter sales, like all aircraft, are cyclical and difficult to predict and forecast. These swings in demand for new helicopters, and the accompanying services, could have significantly varying degrees of success or be unanticipatedly less than prediction models for the future sales. As Bell Helicopters world-wide military sales and post-sales service are a significant part of its revenue base, at 59 percent in 2015 (Textron, 2016), congr essional appropriations, international priorities for defense spending, and in perceptual constancy in global events can have a significant effect on the helicopter market. Changes in governmental regulations on the export of military hardware and services to certain countries also has an impact on the ability of Bell Helicopters to maintain its production predictions.Civilian markets are just as unpredictable with factors relating to usage and economic stability. As industries reach a financial drip in production and operations, as recently in the oil and gas industry, who utilize helicopters extensively, demand for newer or replacement helicopters is shelved or new orders temporarily halted until operations have increased.As Bell Helicopters are marketed in U.S. dollars, any volatility in the exchange rates for foreign nations currencies, or fluctuations in foreign economic or political stability can have a detrimental effect on sales revenues and the ability to operate for post-s ales service.New foreign regulations and laws concerning environmental protection, and those relating to climate change, are impacting the follow of product design and manufacturing and could affect the ability of Bell to operate in certain localities. The restriction of the operation of helicopters due to noise and emissions contributions in specified areas will have an impact on the requirement for new and existing products in countries with restraining regulations. Bell continues to develop and design quieter and environmentally friendlier products for inclusion into restrictive markets.The International PartnershipsBell Helicopters partners with over 50 global companies to provide the service and support for its worldwide customers. With logistical supply and service centers in Amsterdam, Prague, Canada, and Singapore, Bell Helicopters has a world-wide presence necessary to give customers responsive and accurate support. The Prague center is a state-of-the-art customization and delivery service center that upgrades the helicopter interiors of Bells customers to fit their individual needs. In Amsterdam, Bell Helicopters provides regional distribution and support for over 200 customers, in 55 countries spread across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Since 1974, the facility at Schipol, has been serving the European community by increasing the customer service capabilities. In Singapore, in addition to the marketing and service support provided to the military and civilian helicopter transportation industry of Asia, Bell Helicopters has opened a training academy for regulatory maintenance classes with theory and practical training (Gale, 2016). Bells largest manufacturing outside of the U.S. is conducted at Maribel, Canada. In 2016, Bell announced their plans for Mirabel to be the location for the final assembly of the new Bell 505X. Quoting Bell CEO, Mitch Snyder Our operations in Canada have been, and will continue to be, a vital part of our commercial growth strategy and Maribel will remain a cornerstone of our global production, RD, engineering, and certification activities.The LandingBell Helicopters continues to be a formidable force for the future of vertical abstract. By maintaining production cost controls at or below governmental contracted rates and providing on-time delivery of products, Bell Helicopters maintains a leadership in the military procurement of contracts throughout the world. In the civilian side, the innovations of leading edge technologies, and providing outstanding support for the entire life cycle of their products, will allow Bell to grow their market share. Civilian tilt rotor transportation is in its infancy and Bell is positioned to take full advantage of its continued growth. By direction on new opportunities that arise and pioneering innovative ways for meeting their customers needs, Bell Helicopters will flourish and continue the vision of its founder for the future of vertical lift flight.Refere ncesLips, J. (2007), Larry Bell Aviations Super Salesman, Retrieved from http//airportjournals.com/larry-bell-aviations-super-salesman-2/Picture of Lawrence Bell, Retrieved from https//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/d0/Larrybell.gifWright, T. (2011), Lieutenant Ivan Baranovskys P-39 An airacobras journey to the eastern front and back, Retrieved from http//www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/lieutenant-ivan-baranovskys-p-39-41818469/Darling, R. (2017), Bell P-39 Airacobra, Retrieved from http//www.flying-tigers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ai2-P-39-Airacobra.-American-made-and-supplied-to-the-Russians.jpgGoebel, G. (2015), The Bell P-39 Airacobra and P-63 Kingcobra, Picture Retrieved from http//www.airvectors.net/avp39.htmlB-29 Superfortress, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.boeing.com/history/products/b-29-superfortress.pageNASA-Dryden History- Historic Aircraft X-1, (2008), Retrieved from https//www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/HistoricAircraft/X-1/index.htmlPic Chrysler Dealership, 1942, Retrieved from http//www.bellhelicopter.com/ company/history/1935-1949The History of Bell Helicopters 1935-1949, (2017) Retrieved from http//www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1935-1949Scranton, P. (2001), The Second Wave Southern Industrialization from the 1940ls to the 1970s, University of Georgia PressThe History of Bell Helicopters 1950-1959, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1950-1959Agusta, A Finmeocian Company, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.helis.com/ timeline/agusta.phpThe Bell 205, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.helis.com/database/model/9/Bell AH-1 Huey Cobra, (2016), Retrieved from http//www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=13Bell OH-58 Kiowa, (2016) Retrieved from http//www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1Agusta-Bell 206A Jet Ranger History and technical description, HAB,(2011), Retrieved from http//www.heli-archive.ch/en/helicopters/in-depth-articles/agusta-b ell-206a-jet-ranger/Textron Annual Report and Proxy, (2016), Retrieved from http//investor.textron.com/ investors/investor-resources/annual-report-and-proxy-materials/default.aspxGale, T. (2006), Textron Inc., Retrieved from http//www.encyclopedia.com/ social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/textron-incHuber, M. (2010), Bell Ceases Production of its 40-year old Jet Ranger, Retrieved from http//www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2010-09-21/bell-ceases-production-its-40-year-old-jetranger

The Effect Of Cartoon Violence Media Essay

The Effect Of Cartoon Violence Media EssayResearch Question Does the madness depicted in toons withstand a invalidating influence on puppylike sideers amongst ages 3-5 in America, and does it promote aggression and/or unfounded de think upour.IntroductionNowadays it is a common belief that the military unit portrayed in cartoons might prevail a invalidating impact on the behaviour of preadolescent children. The main aim of this Essay impart be to de conditionine whether cartoon ferocity has a negative influence on the behavior of adolescent children aged 3-5 in America or whether this assertion is merely a false presumption. If the claim is true, we go out be considering all possible solvents it whitethorn afford on the behavioral development of those children in the future. My main scope of research will be consisting of various analyses of popular cartoon appearances in the linked States, along with various books, articles and online forums regressing relevan t in discrepancyation in order to aid me in providing a suit equal solution to the research question.M some(prenominal) young children in America argon believed to be spending an average of up to 30 hours of television a week1and the majority of their free time talent scouting cartoons on television where they could be exposed to a variety of stabbing scenes. Allowing young children to watch spirited amounts of cartoon force play might result in thrown-away(prenominal) consequences and perhaps an undesired change in the behavior of the child. Presumably this is because the majority of cartoons that are presentati mavind on the television contain nigh form of bo thoroughlyess bodily function which could affect the undeveloped minds of young children in an undesired way, as well as possibly promoting vehement behavior. Violence in cartoons can be highly abusive to children of young ages as they have difficulties distinguishing sureity from fantasy because their brain has not yet reached a state of maturity.2Americans are concerned because preschoolers social and activated development could be negatively linked with cartoon emphasis and scrappy behavior.3While on the early(a) hand it is believed by many people, oddly by adults, that the force-out depicted in cartoons has no serious or dangerous effects on young viewers in America which are honor qualified of concern.4This topic is worthy of investigation because the number of children being exposed to cartoon effect is supposedly increasing each day with the average rate currently standing around 1hour of television per day, nigh of which is made up of cartoons5. This could potentially result in competitive and/or bowelless behavior by the preschoolers towards others in their environment. This information is worthy of notice because around of the most popular and most ofttimes watched cartoons have been featured to contain some of the highest amounts of lurid and rough activity on t elevision6which whitethorn have undesirable consequences on young viewers if overly exposed to much(prenominal)(prenominal) issue. Accordingly this topic should be cautiously investigated in order to be capable of preventing, and treating any unwanted outcomes of overexposure to force in cartoons because investigation towards the effects of cartoon violence may be able to help prevent or minimize the development of violent behavior patterns among preschoolers in the United States.DevelopmentToday it commonly known that many young children all around the world, including preschoolers in America, spend most of their day and a majority of their spare time watching the television. In fact recent studies have shown that in America, preschoolers alone were known to be watching an average of up to 30 hours of television a week.7It has been discovered that an average four course of study quondam(a) child in America watches anywhere between 50 and 70 minutes of television a day, consist ing for the most part of cartoons.8This information is worthy of careful placard because some of these cartoons have been featured to contain some of the greatest amounts violent and aggressive scenes on television.9Research has shown that in-between age 1973 and 1993, over 90% of childrens pass morning programs contained some form of violent activity, with an outstandingly high average of over 20 violent scenes per hour.10According to IMDB (Internet Movie Database) which is the third largest online database containing information mostly about movies and television programs and is considered to be one of most popular online entertainment destinations with over 100million unique users each month and over 41million registered users, where viewers are able to rate and comment on any television shows theyve watched11. Some of the top rated, and most frequently watched cartoons by preschoolers in America such as puerile Mutant Ninja Turtles, gobbler and Jerry, Ben 10, The Power Puf f Girls12, The list is endless and it is because of cartoons like these which are believed to contain some of the highest and most prominent levels of violent scenes from which the question on whether overexposure to such content may have any unwanted outcomes, arises.Among the most popular cartoon broadcasting channels were Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon13, which display all of the previously mentioned cartoons containing noticeable amounts of violence, and are mostly portrayed during Saturday and Sunday mornings when young children in America are mostly exposed to television. These cartoons which are frequently displayed and which contain violence are often those which brook people of America worrying that overexposure to such content may result in an unwanted negative influence on preschoolers. Let us look at a summary of Tom and Jerry for instance.Tom and Jerryis ananimated cartoon, which is mostly focused on a rivalry between amouse(Jerry) and a cat(Tom) who chase each other throughout each episode which always contains some form of violence. Tom and Jerry is said to beone of the greatest cartoons of all time.14It is a cartoon which was created in the 1940s and still today is considered to be one of the most popular and highly rated cartoons among young viewers in the United States according to IMDB scoring an outstandingly high 8.7 out of 10 score which was voted by viewers15. It is mostly displayed during prime time hours and on Saturday and Sunday mornings on Cartoon Network where it is mostly exposed to preschoolers in America.A Parents Guide segmentation on the IMDB website where viewers and adults are capable of commenting on various television shows indicated how most viewers interpret the cartoon to be very violent and to contain dangerous weapons and abusive behavior towards animals and people. In addition there are times where the sheaths die at the end of an episode and come back active in the next episode which may cause preschoolers in A merica exposed to the cartoon to make up a false misinterpretation of death and the consequences of the actions displayed in the cartoon and in real manners.In almost every episode of this show there is some form of violent activity where objects are cockeyed over either Tom or Jerrys head.Toms owner was very brutal and bizarre in the way he disciplined Tom. Many of the episodes feature Tom dying at the end, but he always came back in the next episode.Guns are used very frequently in the show,but they neer really show any real harm apart from blowing hair off or grazing the characters.16Despite the tremendous amount of violence which is displayed in the cartoon, it still is considered to be suitable, and is recommended for children of all ages. The most troubling thing of all is that Tom and Jerry is only one of many cartoons which portray such prominent levels of violence yet they are still recommended for all audiences. All of the previously mentioned cartoons (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Power Puff Girls, Ben 10) all contain some sort of violence, usually in the form of aggressive physical force in order to prove a certain cause, or to defeat the evil characters.While examining the effects violence in cartoons on children, Haejung Paik and George Comstock found that all children, including preschoolers in America, demonstrated increases in violent behavior and manifested aggression when they were exposed to violent content from cartoons. Various studies conducted by the two have confirmed the suggestion that the aggressiveness of preschoolers increases after they have been exposed to a cartoon which contained some form of violent content, and also where the characters in the cartoons demonstrated aggressive behavior.17A Study conducted by psychologist Albert Bandura showed how this information which was gathered is linked with the social learning perspective indicating that preschoolers learn to behave by observant other people or characters in th eir surroundings and try to imitate how they would react in certain situations.18Bandura also found that the aggressive behavior which young preschoolers were demonstrating was mostly coming from violent cartoons. He concluded that children were behaving aggressively towards others because they tried to simulate the actions of the characters which they saw in those cartoons. He discovered that this behavior which the children had observed from the characters, had hence been generalized into other forms of violent deeds by the preschoolers themselves such as aggressively playing with plastic swords and guns.19Bandura and Huston found that the observation of violent and aggressive acts in cartoons by 3-5 division old children in the United States, regardless of which character was involved and what connection they had with the child, was a sufficient condition for producing imitative aggression20for preschoolers. except children who have been known to watch many cartoons containing a decent amount of violent activity are more likely to express some form of that aggression towards their peers or even adults, in contrast with those children who do not view much violent content in cartoons.21Bandura has conducted studies showing that those actions by the characters in cartoons which are rewarded are more likely to be remembered by the preschoolers, rather than those which are punished.22A report by the NTVS (National Television Violence Study) showed how almost 70% of violent acts in childrens cartoons did not result in any harm or pain to the characters who were involved. Another study also showed how less than half of the childrens cartoon shows had any form of punishment for these violent and aggressive actions of the characters.23As a result the violence which young preschoolers view from cartoons on the television may infract them the wrong core of what the outcomes could be in real life and in a real-life situation.The preschoolers are able to see how in most cartoons when an act of violence is implicated by one character towards another, the one who has demonstrated a violent or aggressive act towards the other character does not get punished for his/her actions in most cases, and does not suffer any consequences. In fact, in the cartoon Ben 10, the main character (Ben) destroys large amounts of the city in some situations including public and private property and inflicts damage in order to capture the villain, this mass destruction always goes unpunished, which may leave a false impression among young viewers that just because one bad guy was caught might approve or act as a justification for the destruction of other peoples property or hurting others. In fact the most common way of teaching moral lessons by protagonists in cartoons is by aggressive or violent acts.24This type of behavior is often rewarded and the character is considered a hero when he defeats the bad guy by using various forms of physically aggressive force suc h as the Power Puff Girls, who always inflict severe amounts of damage with their super powers in order to defeat the villain/s and are always considered heroes and are praised after every episode. Such cartoons in which the acts of violence are rewarded although in some cases are considered to be extremely harmful or pain inflicting, mislead the young children in perceiving those acts of violence as the right thing to do. By watching how the characters can almost always get away with it, and seeing how that sort of behavior is usually rewarded in the cartoons, the preschoolers in America might get the wrong impression of how they should be reacting in unique(predicate) situations, and how they should be treating and behaving around others in their surroundings.Children often view the characters they see on television as their role models. They consider them to be heroes and observe how they are rewarded and praised for committing violent acts as well as possessing not only very ag gressive attributes, but the characters also consisted of very attractive and appealing qualities as well.25. This leads preschoolers to draw conclusions that the aggressive behavior by their favorite characters is justified since there is no form of punishment, or consequences to show that it is wrong, as a result the 3 to 5 year old children have an increased motive to try and reproduce this behavior.26Many people fear that overexposure to cartoon violence may have long term effects on preschoolers behavior in America, especially if they are consistently being overly exposed to violent content in cartoons at such an early age.27There are many different theories suggesting what possible effects overexposure to violence in cartoons could have. Professor Dolf Zillmann developed his excitation transfer theory which suggests that speckle children are watching television or cartoons containing violence, they suddenly feel a have to transfer negative energy towards something/someone el se, resulting in antisocial behavior and perhaps inflicting damage to other children in their environment.28Another famous theory founded by Professor George Gerbner was the cultivation theory which indicates that overexposure to television increases the likelihood of a mainstreaming effect where young children might confuse what they see as a twisted representation of the real world and real-life situations,29Which in turn may result in children developing a misinterpreted view of violence in the real world.30John Flavell, anAmerican psychologist, discovered that the dateing which preschoolers possess regarding whether the cartoons they watch on the television are real or imaginary is either very limited or not present at all. Meaning that there is a very high possibility for those young children to confuse truth from fantasy and cover up what they see from cartoons as real.31Accordingly it has been discovered that 6-7 year old children had difficulties understanding the tuberc le between real world capabilities and those portrayed in cartoons and that they appear to have difficulty understanding television conventions that violate real-world possibilities.32We can form judgments from the previous findings because if 6 and 7 year old children arent fully capable of understanding the conventions on television and linking them with the real world, then preschoolers, being of a much younger age and for the most part unaware of the imports of the events taking place in cartoons, would have an even poorer understanding of what they are watching and what possible connections it may have with the real world.It has been discovered that when a specific character in a cartoon exhibits aggression or acts violently towards another character, and at the same time provides a clear account justifying the reasons for his/her actions by the use of words, was far too intellectually advanced and overly complex for young children in between ages 3-5 in America to interpret and understand completely.33This may leave the preschoolers with a false memory or intuition of only an aggressive or violent act by one character towards another without any reasoning or justification involved. In order for young children to become fully capable of understanding the reasons behind the actions of the cartoon characters and their intentions, they need the assistance of an adult who is willing to explain the means of the situation and why the use of aggression should or should not be punished, and what possible consequences would be infallible to the characters who have demonstrated some form of aggression towards others.34Ronald Drabman and Margaret Thomas found that children lose all forms of sensitivity and feelings towards victims in cartoons by the time they leave preschool,35which could mean that the young 3 to 5 year old children are finally becoming capable of distinguishing reality from fantasy, and that they are becoming aware that the cartoon characters a re not real. While on the other hand this information could mean that the children have lost interest or possibly gained the wrong impression of the consequences of the actions of the characters. E.g. if they watch a cartoon in which one character shoots another character, and the other character does not receive any injuries of any kind then the children may mistake guns for being incapable of inflicting any damage to other people in real life which could lead to serious consequences.While looking at the unrealistic capabilities of most characters from cartoons, in their fantasy worlds, we cannot really determine whether this violence is considered harmful to young children. Even though not all television networks and adults, especially parents approve that they are comfortable with the amount of violence depicted in cartoons, many older and mature people who watch adult television comprehend cartoons and fantasy as something which has nothing to with extreme violence what so ever, and so they do not find young children being exposed to this type of content worrying.36In fact Some of the worlds largest and most famous television networks such as Warner Bros. also characterize cartoon episodes to be a reflection of ingenuous versus evil that particularly underline the importance of loyalty and how punishment for being selfish is necessary under certain circumstances.37Consequently the violence which occurs when the good characters have to defeat the evil characters is justified because it is the morally correct thing to do, and these cartoons try to pass on the message how in order for a whole fraternity to feel safe and enjoy their lives, some people have to suffer and be punished.Research shows that when children are able to interpret a cartoon with real life and compare the scenes which occur in the cartoon with real life situations, then there is a greater chance for the child to demonstrate aggressive behavior. Whilst on the other hand if the Childs und erstanding of the cartoon is rather poor and in their eyes is seen as unrealistic, then the chances of the preschooler showing any forms of violence or aggressive behavior, is significantly lower.38Research is continually proving that children in America between ages 3 and 5 do not completely understand the meaning of the cartoons they watch and that their apprehension of the shows they are being exposed to is very poor and could remain that way all the way through to until they are 8 years old.39By looking at this information we can conclude that because preschoolers have a poor understanding of the meaning and the plot of the cartoons which they are watching, the chances of inheriting any unwanted aggressive or violent behavior from those cartoons by the preschoolers will be significantly lower.A study performed by Hodapp showed how 5 and 6 year olds could not recall what they had learned while watching educational programs and how they were simply incapable of performing and putt ing those skills to action in real life in order to help themselves in difficult situations.40Therefore this leads us to a conclusion that preschoolers, being of a younger age and not as intellectually advanced as a 5 or 6 year olds, may also be incapable of interpreting the actions they see in violent cartoons. So as a result they will not acquire any negative influences or bad behavior from watching cartoons containing violent and/or aggressive scenes.Moreover the National Television Violence Study (NTVS) reported that for all cartoon programs, just over 30% of the characters who demonstrated some forms of violence in cartoon shows, also possessed some good and sympathetic attributes such as helping and caring for those in need41, which could be unspoiled for preschoolers in America and teach them to exhibit concern and empathy for others in their surroundings.Judging by their age, preschoolers have been proven to have a relatively high magnate of drawing conclusions about moral reasoning42such as recognizing and determining when the character has acted selfishly or whether their actions are morally wrong.43The preschoolers in America are known to be capable of identifying the difference between morally acceptable and unacceptable behaviors in society.44Meaning that they are aware of the rights and welfare of others in their surroundings and how they should be treated equally and with respect. In addition the investigators of this topic believe that 3 to 5 year old children are fully aware of the distinction between socially acceptable and socially unacceptable behavior and how they are capable of making judgments based on whether it is real life situation of something theyve seen from a cartoon.45This understanding of such situations at an early age may aid young preschoolers in finding a balance between the violence they view in cartoons and real life situations and it may not result in a negatively affected behavioral development in the future.Conclusio nDoes the violence depicted in cartoons have a negative influence on young viewers between ages 3-5 in America, and does it promote aggression and/or violent behavior. answer the research question.Throughout this investigation we have discovered that children between ages 3 and 5 in America may have difficulties when attempting to differ reality from fantasy which might intensify or negatively stimulate the preschoolers motive to act and behave differently and aggressively towards others in their surroundings.However we cannot conclude that a preschoolers aggressive or violent behavior is the result of being exposed to violence in cartoons. In order to make such assumptions we must premiere take into consideration the childrens perception of the violence depicted in those cartoons and the way in which the preschoolers understand what is happening and why. Therefore we cannot confidently say that the children will show similar behavior in the real world only because the characters may have acted aggressively or violently in the cartoons.When we focused on the most popular cartoons among preschoolers in America we found that they are clearly violent and how they might potentially influence the behavior of the young children in a negative way. However we also found that some of the acts of the characters could teach the preschoolers in America to act morally and to apply the skills they observe from television in real life which could be beneficial.In order for us to summarize the effects of cartoon violence on preschoolers in America it is crucial that we first determine how well the children understand and what they learn by watching cartoons. We found that if the children are capable of differentiating the transgressions which are present in the cartoons from those in real life and if they realize a distinction between socially acceptable and socially unacceptable behavior which they view in cartoons, then cartoon violence would not have such a negative impa ct on the behavior of the preschoolers as assumed.All in all cartoons which portray large levels of violence and aggressive activity will continue to do so and will remain a popular source of entertainment among the 3 to 5 year old viewers in the United States. The children will continue to spend most of their free time watching these cartoons which will perpetually be displayed on television during prime-time hours and throughout childrens spend morning shows.Adults, especially parents in America play a vital role in influencing the impression preschoolers obtain by observing potentially harmful scenes in cartoons and the violent actions portrayed by the characters as an act of justice, and determining the moral and social acceptability of those actions.All in all the impact that overexposure to violent or aggressive content has on the more vulnerable audiences in the United States such as 3 to 5 year old children will remain unresolved as we have found evidence supporting both si des and various different views towards the topic and the possible effects which cartoon violence might have on preschoolers in America. I would suggest that adults watch cartoons alongside the children as they will then have the opportunity to answer any potential questions the children may have, and with the aid of an adult the children may interpret and gain a more clear understanding of the motives and reasons for the violent or aggressive actions which have been depicted by the protagonists in cartoons, therefore minimizing any possible unwanted outcomes.Word count approx = (4258)

School Uniform :: essays research papers

School UniformThroughout the Japan, numerous school boards have been attempting to standardize the clothing that students erupt. The school superintendents who ar in favor of uniforms will argue that the children who wear them will experience many benefits. I disagree with this idea. I feel that the use of uniforms will pull down identity, stifle creativity and unnecessarily burden the families that cannot afford them. The use of uniforms has already been implemented in several long-standing social environments. The prison or penal clay uses uniforms to brand those who are incarcerated. Moreover, military uses them to separate and remove the individualism inside of the soldier. In both cases, individual identity is stripped away and the subject is strained to conform to the same outward appearance as every other subject.Another problem that will surface due to the implementation of school uniforms is the suppression of the individuals creativity and expressions. Many students express who they are though the way they dress. If a teenager wants to show something that he or she likes, then he or she might wear a T-shirts that states a positive view on the subjects. School uniforms would end of this example listed within this paragraph and much more.The last problem that needs to be addressed is the necessary load that will be placed upon families. Many low-income families do not have the money available to provide uniforms to their children especially, private schools. In Japan, especially mission schools, the school board trying to pass the legislation that a child cannot attend school unless they have on the proper uniform. An discipline is supposed to be available to all children, not just the ones whose parents can afford to buy the government ordered, or schools ordered uniform.

Poetry and Sex Essay -- Sex Sexuality Poetry Poems Literature Essays

Poetry and SexSince the beginning of human existence, there has been once use,one instinct, one single compulsion that we cannot escape. Some maycall it necessary others say its a gift. It can be controlling,enlightening but its oh so powerful. It isnt the emergency for food,safety or shelter. It isnt love nor greed nor vanity, but sex, ladiesand gentlemen.With the evolution of human communication poets have been using thepower of words to describe the practice of sex, and the emotions thatcome with it. As a guest speaker invited to this years festival, Ihave explored how sex is expressed through poetry from a multitude ofcultures and eras. It has compel apparent that the traditions andvalues of a society shapes the form, right down to the style oflanguage and words used, of poetry from its respective era. Whilevalues have and leave cut across to change, sex is a universal practice,and therefore a universal theme of poets the world over.To demonstrate this, I will analyze three poems Kubla caravansary, bySamuel Coleridge, Sexual Healing, by Marvin Gaye and David Ritz andAdultery by Carol Ann Duffy. Although all poems have the samecentral theme of sex, the way they express it differs quite radically.In Xanadu did Kubla KhanA stately pleasure-dome decreeWhere Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to manDown to a sunless sea.These are the opening lines of Kubla Khan, in which the era of itspoet is make clear. Samuel Coleridge was from the Romantic period, anera in which freedom, simplicity and the humble life were reflectedthrough poetry. Above all else though, Romantic poetry featured astrong heraldic bearing of nature, wild and untamed, the oppos... ...ncerning sex becamemore open in manner as the years went by. The protest against sexualbrutality in Sexual Healing would sure enough not have been acceptableeven two decades before its time, let alone 200 years. Furtherexposure to lust and sex in the media lead to poems such as Adulteryb eing written. This poems acceptance in contemporary society displaysa progression of international maturity in regards to sex, but at thesame time the loss of modesty. Ultimately, all poems have differingrepresentations of the same theme, which is shaped by the society ofits era.William Wordsworth once said that poetry is the unwritten overflowof powerful feelings. Lust and sex are among the most powerfulfeelings that human beings are capable of, and there is no doubt thatpoets will continue express their passion, elation or anguish on thissubject.

An Analysis of the Epic Poem, Beowulf - Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

Beowulf   The classic hero is a well-known character of tall social position whose qualities represent those valuable to his society. The hero is pitted against monsters and is, therefore, strong and courageous often to the point of seeming superman. Beowulf often displays cunning and craftiness in dealing with others. At the same time, since he represents all humans, he struggles to overcome human weaknesses. He is challenged and he triumphs. In Beowulf A new telling by Robert Nye, Beowulf is a classic hero. He struggles against monsters, endures challenges, suffers, and leveltually is victorious over evil. His words and actions, which help him decide the fate of a group of people, demonstrates that Beowulf is a brave, wise, and benevolent leader.   Beowulf seems to constantly show signs of bravery thoughout the story. He is pitted against monsters and is, therefore, strong and courageous often to the point of seeming superhero. For instance, when Beowulf i s going to go find and drink down Grendle with his men, he dough to talk with the coast guard, Beowulf says ... Then you are either the bravest man in the world... Many poeple finishedt the story think the Beowulf is very brave Once Beowulf and his men get off the coast guard the author makes a remark When Beowulf had heard of all the stories about the dreadful demon Grendle, he was determined to go and help Herothgar kill the monster... This demonstrates intrepidity, because he is willing to go risk his life for another country. Another source of courage is when Breca and Beowulf fights off the nine sea monsters. First of all even doing the daring contest in the sea is a sign of dauntlessness, but a true sign of bravery is this, And I swung my sword to fight them off... tooshie you now see that the author meant for Beowulf to be the hero, and the bravest one of them all ?   Robert Nye wouldnt cut the hero of the story short with only bravery Beowulf was als o wise. All through the book Beowulf was wise. There are many of examples of his cleverness. Beowulf uses his sagaciousness when he is getting ready to do something and in his every day problems.

Kafka Essay -- essays papers

KafkaFranz Kafka was born in Prague, Bohemia, July 3, 1883 and died June 3, 1924 of tuberculosis at the age of 40. He came from a bourgeoisie Jewish family. His father was a shopkeeper and tried to climb up the social ladder by working hard at his shop and direct Franz to a prestigious German high school. He went on to get a law degree and worked for two insurance companies (not at the same time) When his .tuberculosis got perverting in 1917 he was put on temporary retirement with a pension. German was the language the upper class spoke and by sending Franz to German schools his father tried to disassociate from the lower class Jewish who lived in the ghetto. They were always moving from apartment to apartment advancing as the business grew. Franz had a very strained relationship with his father that traumatically affected his whole intent. This is apparent in a letter to his father he wrote, What was always incomprehensible to me was your correspond lack of feeling for the suffering and shame you could inflict on me with your words and judgments. It was as though you had no notion of your power (Letter).Max Brod and Franz met in college and became life long friends. It was Max who persuaded Franz to publish some of his work and it was Max who was responsible for most of the Kafka writings that are available today. Franz had entrusted his manuscripts to Max and in his last leave alone and testament specified that all his work was to be destroyed. Instead Max had them published after Franz death.Although he never married, he was engaged several generation but always broke the engagement as the wedding day would approach. Most of the biographies about him tell of his problem with women and repulsion from sex and say that it was ... ... http//members.xoom.com/danielhornek/. 1 Mar. 2000.Kafka, Leni. Biography. Hp. 2000 last update. Online. Available http//victorian.fortunecity.com/vermeer/287/biography.htm. 2 Mar. 2000.Letter to His Fathe r. Hp. 2000 last update. Online. Available http//www.fortunecity.com/victorian/vermeer/287/lettertohisfather.htmMagil, Frank N. ed. Franz Kafka. Vol. 4 of Critical Survey of Short Fiction . Pasadena Salem Press, 1993.Novels for Students Vol. 7 Farmington, MI Gale Research, 1999. p281-297.Pawel, Ernst. The nightmare of Reason A Life of Franz Kafka. NYNoonday Press, 1992. Spann, Meno. Franz Kafka. George Prior Publishers, 1976. Times Literary Supplement, Aug. 22, 1997 n4925 p15(2). World Literature Criticism 1500 to Present. Vol. 3. Detroit Gale Research, 1992.

Electrical Engineering :: essays research papers

Electrical EngineeringWork PerformedElectrical Engineers research, develop, design, and test electronic components, products, and systems for commercial, industrial, medical, military, and scientific applications (Cosgrove 749). They are concerned with devices that use small amounts of electrical energy that make up electronic components such as integrated circuits and microprocessors. By applying principles and techniques of electronic engineering they design, develop, and manufacture products such as computers, telephones, radios, and stereo systems (EGOE, 121). Electrical engineers topographic point everyone lives through the things they have designed or created. Electrical engineers have invented the lights in your house, the television, the stereo, the telephone, computers, and even your doctor&8217s blood pressure gauge (Stine 300). HistoryThe history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the natu re of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical occurrent could be control direct and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to work out (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday&8217s electric tug from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and strengthful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expe nded to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone chat system (750).Into The 20th CenturyBy the time the 20th century arrived, vacuum tubes were invented that could transmit weak electrical signals which led to the formation of electromagnetic waves that led to the invention of the radio broadcast system (750). These vacuum tubes were discovered to be able to transmit currents through solid material, which led to the creation of transistors in the 1960&8217s (750).