American literature realism Essay

In American literature realism, is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. Realism has been mainly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the important element in the dramatic complications. The realism sought to explain why ordinary people behave they way they do. What, for example, fuels the ambitions of a young man who has come from the country to the city to make his fortune? Why does an apparently happily married woman decide to have a love affair? What leads a woman to accept or reject a particular man? In trying to answer these questions, realistic novelists often relied on the emerging sciences of human and animal behavior–biology, psychology, and sociology–as well as on their own insights and observations. Realism from 1865 to the present has changed. As authors have moved into a global world, their writing has become less regional and therefore less realistic. Writers today do research instead of writing about what they already know about. As the world has become more global, authors have become more full. To a certain extent, realism is about presenting a limited view because is very much about regionalism. An author can only write realistically about what he/she knows. Authors like Mark Twain and F. Scott Fitzgerald gives a â€Å"tell it like it is† writing in the stories. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the setting has a large influence on Huck’s character. The period of time that Huck lived in was a distinct era. The country was changing rapidly. During this period steam engines enabled rivers to be used as mass transportation, an idea that had never been explored until now. There were many traits of this era that can be seen by looking at the components of Huck’s character, his language, actions and thoughts. Some of these traits are subtle and can be easily missed but others are very obvious and powerful. This period of change was the setting of Huck’s childhood. One trait that is indicative of the era is the social class of Huck and Huck’s  language. It is greatly affected by his social class and setting. The broken English is a sign of Huck’s low social class. In addition it also shows that he is from a southern river town. This can be seen from his expressions and accent. The rules of the time that Huck’s character is governed upon, Huck was never educated. During the early 1800s there was no law that required children to go to school, therefore his low intellect has a strong impact on Huck’s character. It gives him a â€Å"plain and simple† outlook on life, this trait can been seen throughout the book in Huck’s character. One specific area it affects is Huck’s plans for his future. Huck only thought about what he was going to do for present. Huck had an incapable father. He was thought of as the town drunk, and would often come home intoxicated and abuse Huck. At one point his father locked Huck up in a small room without food or water for days. The setting is important here because if Huck’s father were to treat his son in an abusive manner today, he would lose custody of his child. A good example of Huck’s unloving relationship was Huck’s reaction to his father’s death. When notified of his death he was relieved and felt safe. This detail can be used to illustrate the abuse that Huck went through in the beginning of the book, while living with his father. Since Huck’s father had irresponsible actions, Huck ran away at a young age in the hope that someday he would find freedom from his father and society. Huck’s separation from his father is also the reason for his freethinking, responsibility and innocence. These times of hardship formed him into a mature person and helped contribute to his independent personality. Without the influence of the setting Huck would have never been able to achieve the freedom that he had by being independent. When Huck ran away he joined up with Jim, who was also running away, but from something different. Jim was fleeing from slavery, a common practice of the time. Huck’s relationship with Jim contributed to Huck’s non-prejudice thinking. Another factor that gave Huck an understanding of how the slaves must have felt was the prejudice that he experienced himself, being part of the lower class. Huck  was infuriated when people looked down upon him for something that was no fault of his; he was born into the class because of his father’s social status. For these reasons Huck always treated Jim as an equal, making Huck ahead of his time. Jim knew that Huck respected him, as a result Jim risked his own life to save Huck. In the story you find humor with Huck’s character. In real life you have humor being part of life. For example, Huck’s account of his reasons for participating in what he knows to be the ridiculous schemes of Tom Sawyer’s gang. He recognizes that their â€Å"swords† are â€Å"only lath and broom-sticks† and he does not believe, in any case, that they â€Å"could lick such crowd of Spaniards and A-rabs†. At one point one finds that Huck seems to accept Tom’s values. Before boarding the Walter Scott he says â€Å"Do you reckon,† he asks Jim, rhetorically, â€Å"Tom Sawyer would ever go by this thing?† It is here at the Phelps farm, where he even takes Tom’s name. Huck’s independence and lack of education resulted in a mind that was never influenced by adult’s beliefs. This allowed Huck to have thoughts based on what he believed in, not traditions that are simply carried on by messengers of the past’s beliefs. Although traditions are often good they prevent new ideas from entering people’s minds. This made Huck original; this individuality could be seen with his relationship with Jim. During this period of American history slaves were looked down upon, but Huck, being an independent thinker, looked up to Jim for who he was, not for the color of his skin. This change in dialogue clearly illustrates how the relationship grew stronger during their adventures. By the end of the novel Huck risked his own life to free Jim in the final escape attempt. His dependence made him loyal to the Mississippi River. The personification of the river that Huck uses clearly shows his feelings and thankfulness to the river. It also helped show how important the river was too not only Huck but to all of the river towns and people. The Great Gatsby’s best qualities is Fitzgerald’s incredible use of realism. This realism is evident in the development of plot, setting, and characters throughout the novel. The novel is well known for its deeply entangled plots  and sub-plots. At first Fitzgerald used realism to develop these plots by choosing plots that would be believable to readers. For example, the main plot of â€Å"The American Dream† (Jay Gatsby’s dream of becoming rich and successful in order to impress Daisy) is easily believable and is still a quite common dream today. Smaller plots, such as Tom Buchanan’s affair with Myrtle, are also very realistic and are a common occurrence in every day life. From here Fitzgerald deepened the story by using realism to entangle these plots. Fitzgerald then grew upon these plots by making them all have realistic outcomes (such as Gatsby’s demise), rather than your typical story book endings. Fitzgerald uses realism to clearly depict the setting of the Great Gatsby. This use of realism could be mostly due to the fact that Fitzgerald lived during the time of the novel, and by using great detail, he was able to reproduce his interpretation of the 1920’s. The novel takes place during the summer in New York as Nick Carraway has just moved to pursue a career in the bond business. This is a very realistic setting because just after World War 1 the eastern United States were flourishing with people and business. Large, fancy homes and big parties (such as Gatsby’s) were also quite popular. Fitzgerald realistically demonstrates the inexistence of the middle class at that time. For example the contrast between Tom Buchanan and Mr. Wilson shows vast difference between the upper and lower classes. The exact geographical location of the novel does not exist, but Fitzgerald does a great job in using realism to convince the reader of the setting. No matter how significant realism is to the setting of the novel, perhaps the most important use of realism comes through Fitzgerald’s development of characters throughout the novel. The novel characters are the basis of the novel from which the plots revolve around. Fitzgerald uses realism to ensure that all the characters in the novel are believable in both their history and interactions with each other. A prime example of this would be Daisy. Her history of having a successful family, and being the center of attention deeply influences her character into being self-centered and dependent on wealth, making her character  believable to readers. From here Fitzgerald was able to manipulate the characters. This convinces the reader of genuinely of each individual and therefore makes the whole story seem more realistic. Throughout the novel, the plot was deepened through the entangling of many realistic sub-plots, the setting was clearly illustrated using plenty of detail, and the characters were developed to be as believable and genuine as possible. In the end it is the realistic recognition of life’s imperfections that give The Great Gatsby its continuing appeal. The things that happen are real and could really happen. The characters are products of their environments. In today’s society we have somewhat the same issues. It depends on ones culture and beliefs. If you are pretty much conservative one finds that acting a certain way, wanting freedom, lying or dishonesty won’t be acceptable. The two novels that I chose both show realism â€Å"tell it like it is† but in different ways. What happens to Huck Finn is a result of how and where he lives. Events happen to him because of the real life setting and place. The central figure in Huck Finn isn’t even really Huck†¦it’s the river. Gatsby is shaped by external factors such as love, money and other people’s ideals. Nothing that happens is glorified or exaggerated. In my opinion I think that Twain and Fitzgerald both conveyed in reality. Both authors wrote there stories based upon the social restrictions of time. Today we see the same kind of American dream and look down upon the lower class. I think that we moved closer to the truth by seeing what society be really about. This is somewhat the real world and it’s either your accepted by following the rules or not accepted by disobeying the rules.

Doing Gender Essay

One of the most seemingly overlooked topics in the society is the question on sex and gender. In most cases, sex and gender are being taken as related, if not synonymous, insights in the course of sociological context. However, it is aimed in this paper to point out that there are indeed differences between the two concepts, and these differences are significant in contextualizing sex and gender among individuals in the society. Hence, to point out clearly, sex and gender differences are essential in â€Å"doing gender† and assessing it. First and foremost, to do gender is perceived as to act or behave based on what had been the presupposed actions of an individual, depending mostly on his or her sex/gender assignment. There are two main types of the correlative notions of sex and/or gender: to be male or to be female. Following so, it had been long established in most societies that a male individual should do according to the standards of what a male must do. These are behaviors that commonly relate to physical attributions such as strength or power, and are manifested in ordinary actions and preferences like being sports-minded, taking engineering or mathematical courses, and the likes. On the other hand, females are taken in a less important light, that is, by identifying her to be of weaker and of subtler tendencies, such as doing the housework, following what her father says regardless of reason, and so on. It is â€Å"well recognized that the [†¦] household is constituted by a division of labor that defines certain kinds of work as domestic, unpaid, and usually women’s, and other kinds as public, paid, and usually men’s† (Connel, 1987, p. 122). According to West and Zimmerman (1987), â€Å"Sex [†¦] was what was ascribed by biology: anatomy, hormones, and physiology [while] gender [†¦] was an achieved status: that which is constructed through psychological, cultural, and social means† (p. 125). This could be a very simplified difference between sex and gender: It is with how the concepts are distributed in the different fields or aspects. However, it must be understood that the difference is merely that sex is a biological concept and gender is a social concept; â€Å"sex is a determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females or males† (West & Zimmerman, 1987, p. 127). In this sense, sex may also be taken in a social context, in that it applies several sociological determinants in order to prove or identify it. The categorization of an individual’s sex is determined rather by a common-sensical manner most of the time, in which the observant deduces the sex category to the sex itself of the individual in question, in absence of the more vivid biological justifications of a person’s sex. It is common understanding that there had already been established social norms that contribute to the categorization of a person. The process of categorizing males and females as indigenous identities uses this test: â€Å"if people can be seen as members of relevant categories, then categorize them that way† (West & Zimmerman, 1987, p. 133). Naturally, people take the identity of a person at face value, unless there is a strong ground that makes them apply certain criteria that will try to test further that person’s sex. Gender, quite relatively, moves on with what the society implores on one’s identity. A male person must be masculine; a female must be feminine. We would like to digress then, that the acceptance of sex and gender merely as concepts does not totally stop here. Gender, in some cases, goes beyond adherence to what is socially acceptable. To do gender is â€Å"not always to live up to normative conceptions of femininity or masculinity; it is to engage in behavior at the risk of gender assessment† (West & Zimmerman, 1987, p. 136). Therefore, we are taking into consideration the ways in which people could see further than what had merely been established by the society. Doing gender is not just accepting or agreeing to what the society tells us to; it is â€Å"creating differences between girls and boys and women and men, differences that are not natural, essential, or biological† (West & Zimmerman, 1987, p. 137). The differences that we would like to see revolves not only on shallow aspects but also on how we could integrate these differences into going further down the line and probably initiating actions that will give a new light to the concepts of sex and gender. As what West and Zimmerman (1987) says, â€Å"social change, then, must be pursued both at the institutional and cultural level of sex category and at the interactional level of gender† (p. 147). We can illustrate doing gender in these following scenarios: In a typical neighborhood, the wife was able to get home from work earlier than her husband. She was wearing an old rose blouse, a matching old rose slacks, and high heeled shoes. She went straight home after her classes from the town high school. She has just been recently married with her husband, and they do not have children yet. She then proceeded to do the cooking for their dinner, while at the same time, she quietly took note of her students’ exam papers she still had to check later. When her (engineer) husband came, he greeted his wife and went to the kitchen where they ate their dinner. They talked about work and later agreed that the husband will wash the dishes afterwards. This routine has been in effect since the time that they got married and lived together. In this scenario, it is very clear that there is an â€Å"engendered† division of labor especially inside the household. The productive side is not merely given to the husband since the wife also earns through being a teacher. In a similar manner, the reproductive side is not solely attributed to the wife because they have agreed to share on doing the household chores. The gender roles are not purely associated with what is feminine or what is masculine. Even if washing the dishes may construe the feminine side, the husband still agreed on doing it. At least in this case, the couple was able to manage â€Å"contradictions between relational identification and gender differentiation† (Dryden, 1999, p. 87) in the sense that they both realize not only the essence of marriage as a relationship but also as a matter of gender difference that they could compromise about. Similarly, in the same neighborhood, a little girl points at a blue balloon. She wanted her mother to buy it for her. The old male vendor was looking intently at the girl, commenting that because she is a girl, she should take the pink balloon instead. The little girl shook her head and pointed at the blue balloon. Her mother was able to resolve the situation by buying the blue balloon. Simplistic in nature, this scenario may pose as a very ordinary activity, but a lot of people always see things like the way the vendor did. There are always assignments among boys and girls – that boys should choose blue things and girls should choose pink things. It is almost linearly righteous to take these preferences as normal things, but it must be understood that the identity between a girl and a boy does not merely punctuate from their color or toy preferences. We cannot just assume that just because the girl was a girl, she should have a pink balloon. To do gender is to go outside the confinements of the socially-accepted norms. To do gender means not to reinforce the social norms since these could block the freedom of a person to prefer or to choose what he or she really likes. To be a boy or to be a girl does not follow with how the society must shape him or her. In this case, it is fortunate that the girl’s mother completely understands how to â€Å"engender† her child by not just adhering to the accepted norms in the society. Learning about doing gender is an important part of capacitating oneself in the sense that it makes people understand day-to-day activities of people, male or female alike. Doing gender is vital in assessing the identities of individuals. It not only supersedes from the power of gaining knowledge, but it is more of reinventing how we deal with ourselves and other people in terms of sex and gender. The gender differences may prove to be worthwhile as basis for re-contextualizing and reconstructing the concept of gender.As in West’s book â€Å"Doing Gender, Doing Difference† (2002) gender is â€Å"always a doing† (p. 193). References Connel, R. W. (1987). Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Dryden, C. (1999). Being Married, Doing Gender: A Critical Analysis of Gender Relationships in Marriage. U. K. : Routledge. West, C. (2002). Doing gender, doing difference: inequality, power, and institutional change. U. K. : Routledge. West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125-148.

Analysis of Linear DNA Genomes Separation in Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis has been widely used as a form of separating DNA genomes in varying sizes from 100 kp upto 25 kb. Isolation of Agarose gel is obtained from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria.in the gelato process, the polymers of agarose often form an association of none covalent which form networks of pore sizes which determine the molecular ability of sieving properties. Use of gel electrophoresis is beneficial in separation of DNA genomes. Electrophoresis process is key in separating the different nucleic acids using various sizes and charges depending on the contents of the solution. In this experiment, lab analysis of gel was used to put gel solutions in charged nucleic acids for separation purposes. At this point the larger DNA and RNA have a hard time in separating thus allowing time for separation of the genomes based on the sizes. The rate of separation of the DNA molecule in the experiment was determined by the rate at which the sizes of the DNA, the concentration of the gel, DNA Conformation present, voltage degree applied, ehidium bromide solution introduced, type of agarose and the buffer being utilized in electrophoresis. After the process of separation, DNA molecules will be able to be visualized in the UV light using staining process to identify the different genomes. Thus in essence DAN electrophoresis defines the process by which the DNA migrates in the supporting medium. Most of electrophoresis is carried in agarose gels in narrow polymers of gels using pores of different sizes, this sieving provides a means by which the pores gives an opportunity for the DNA molecules to go through the pores at different sizes thus being separated using molecular weights. Thus this laboratory report uses agarose Gels while staining with ethidium bromide   to assess the separation process of the different DNA genomes. Thus it seeks to investigate the DNA genome separation to assess the different nucleic acids by their respective sizes. Refer to the Lab Manual 5 for in-depth methodology and procedure. Diagrammatic presentation of gel DNA Table 1; Showing gel electrophoresis picture Table 2; Showing curve presentation of the base pairs against distance travelled Table 3; Showing table figure for the curve Table 4; Showing how to calculate base pairs Example suppose we have a base pair having travelled 0.3 cm, then draw a line as illustrated above and take the readings on the corresponding logbp and take the anti log, which you get the base pair size. Table 5; Showing the sizes of pUC19 and their insert sizes Agarose gel electrophoresis has been utilised as a common method for separation of proteins, (Kryndushkin et al., 2003). The basic forms of nucleic acids can be separated through the aid of electrification process whereby charged molecules move to the anode side. This migration as depicted in the experiment ensures that molecules which have lower molecular weight are able to move faster, (Sambrook & Russel 2001). The process of electrophoresis is a crucial step in ensuring purification process of the desired DNA bands. In this experiment the usage of ethidium bromide is essential in visualizing the staining of the transcend DNA molecules. In this task, the Agarose gel electrophoresis plays a key role in ensuring the characteristics of DNA are obtained without any alterations. This experiment has yielded results which have enabled determination of DNA fragments sizes through digestion by restriction enzymes. The visualization has been effected with the use of ethidium bromide which is a common agent in nucleic acid purification process. The Agarose gel concentration on this task entailed the separation of the gel using agarose gel concentration of 0.2%w/v having bands from 0.1-1 kb. The distance travelled by DNA molecules in electrophoresis is directly proportional to the size of the DNA itself. The agarose gel is beneficial in ensuring that there are movements based on their sizes. With the various differences between the various rates of the DNA molecules in the gel solution, they are separated based on the size of the bases. The relationship built between the varied sizes of the DNA genome. The sieving of DNA is done through the size which it bears, (Southern, 1975). The length of DNA strands often vary from 50 base pairs to upto million s base pairs which agarose gel electrophoresis can be effective in separating them , the migration and distance travelled is linked on the concentration of the agarose used to prepare the gel. Concentrations having lower concentration are able to travel faster in the distance travelled and vice versa. In this study agarose gel of 2% has been used which was effective in separating the DNA at range of 0.1-1 kb, the low percentile gels often signify gels which are weak. Double stranded DNA moves faster as the molecules travels; its speed is inversely proportional to the logarithm of base pairs. This linked and established relationships depends on the strength of the of gel composition. The distance travelled by the digested genome signifies that there is action of restriction enzymes which shows that there restrictions which have taken place, thus distinguishing the variability linked to genetics and enzyme cost. The digested fragments were this separated using the agarose gel electrophoresis which showed continuous smear on the gel surface with the distribution of the difference fragment sizes being established. Digested pUC19 is a plasmid and able to transform itself on the transformation process where it can be able to multiply itself and express. Undigested pUC19 originate from E coli and contain high number of base pairs. The transformation efficiently portrayed shows that smaller pUC19 plasmid sin E choli can be manipulated and be transformed from the ampicilin forms. This shows that the DNA is in contact form with plasmid DNA being intact and with presence of viral chromosomes which can be transformed into high efficiencies. This transformation is through the resulting effect of digestion of peri plasmids. The undigested Puc19 shows presence base pairs which have the ability to perform recombination and be incorporated into cells, (Goto, Kenta & Yukio, 2013). The lanes which have recombination factor is able to facilitate the cloning of DNA in host cells.   This signifies recombination of various fragments of gel solution. The lanes that have been generated originated from digestion of particular DNA, which gives it equimolar amounts. Based on the lanes, there is variation on the number of non molar amounts, thus signifying that there is difference in band lengths. Others have shown to represent circular forms of the plasmids which is dependent on the age and quality of the plasmids. The existence of three forms of DNA formation which exists include linear formation, open circular formation and supercoiled forms. Plasmid DNA have been prevalently been studied in laboratory studies. After its preparation they exists in the three forms above. With good plasmid preparation, DNA often form plasmid which exist in any one strands of the DNA, this break causes the release of the phosphordiester backbones of the DNA to be released out. The visualising process of the agarose gel using the standard control tool is key to assess whether the bands have created a generation or not. Closer bands are well compressed than far away bands as indicated in the gel view. The standard marker used in this experiment was essential in ensuring that the standards sizes are generated using base pairs. This result signifies that electrophoresis is an effective way of separating nucleic acids. High gel agarose gives room for handling of low percentage gel separation. Due to the size of the base pair present in this experiment, has utilised field gel electrophoresis. This is   comparable to studies done (Lee et al, 2012), which have shown that sizes of DNA can be separated effectively through plotting on the log of molecular weight and different bands of DNA against the distance moved, this portray how different forms of gel can be able to move at different speeds. Super coiled plasmid DNA have sown to move faster, while those in linear formation travel averagely while open circular travel slowly. Goto, K., & Nagano, Y. (2013). Ultra-low background DNA cloning system. PloS one, 8(2), e56530. Kryndushkin DS, Alexandrov IM, Ter-Avanesyan MD & Kushnirov VV (2003). Yeast [PSI+]   prion aggregates are formed by small Sup35 polymers fragmented by Hsp10. Journal of Biological Chemistry.278 (49): 49636. Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2012). Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (62). Sambrook J&Russel DW(2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Southern, E. M. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J mol biol, 98(3), 503-517.

A marketing strategy for the development of (insert the name of the Essay

A marketing strategy for the development of (insert the name of the company or organisation you have chosen ) - Essay Example At such competitive market, United Biscuit is launching its new ranges of cookies under its McVitie’s brand called Hobnobs Cookies. The company is aiming to popularize this specific product brand in UK market. However, its key competitors also offer substitute cookies in the existing market that it poses great threat to the success of Hobnobs Cookies. The micro and macro environment analysis of United Biscuit have provided the base for framing proper marketing strategy for Hobnobs Cookies in its existing market. Considering three key strengths of Hobnobs Cookies i.e. high quality, lower price and different taste, its marketing strategies has been framed. As per the Ansoff matrix, United Biscuit will try to attain the product development at initial stage and in this process, promotional mix is very important. The core strategy for Hobnobs Cookies will be the combination of low cost and differentiation strategy that will enhance the consumers’ value by building the produc t’s brand in existing market. 2. Introduction It is very necessary to develop a proper marketing plan for organisational growth and success as marketing has become inevitable business activity. An effective marketing plan ensures sufficient amount of sales revenue that determines the existence of a firm within its industry. In recent years, the scope and importance of marketing and strategic planning has significantly increased due to intensified competition in market. For the financial success, the organisations aim to counter their key competitors for gaining an upper hand position in the market. However, in this process, the planning is the foremost task for them. Stevens and Loudon have defined that â€Å"planning is one of the key success for any undertaking† and the planning â€Å"must be founded in a root philosophy or conceptual framework that provides a basis for analysis, execution, and evaluation† (Stevens and Loudon, 2005, p.4-5). This paper will att empt to present a marketing plan for United Biscuit to position its new brands product. The primary aim of this paper is to develop a proper marketing plan for existing product in its exiting market. Therefore, various marketing tools, model and theories will be applied for analysing micro and macro environment of United Biscuit and for developing effective marketing strategies. 3. Brief Description of Company The United Biscuit is a leading multinational food manufacturer of UK and Europe and it offers wide ranges of cookies, biscuit and other savoury products. The company have developed its high brand image in UK and entire European regions. Its products are available under 15 well known brands like McVitie’s, Jacob’s, Twiglets, BN, KP etc (United Biscuit-a, 2008). This company was established during 1948 after the merging of two Scottish families who were engaged in bakery business. Later, the company acquired MacDonald's Biscuits and Crawford's Biscuits in 1960s. F inally, in 2000, Finalrealm, a group of investors acquired

The Role of Unions in Advancing Equality and Promoting Diversity in Essay

The Role of Unions in Advancing Equality and Promoting Diversity in the Workplace - Essay Example The paper tells that trade union began in Europe and subsequently became popular during the industrial revolution, this is due to the fact that there was the lack of necessary skills required to perform most jobs. This lack of skills moved the bargaining power of employment completely to the employers’ region, thus causing workers to be badly treated and poorly paid. Trade union organizations might be made up of professionals, students, the unemployed, apprentices, past workers and individual workers. Major unions strive to provide the best for the members of the company, this includes job security, positive work environment, ability to strike in the event that certain conditions are not adequately met, and salaries and benefits. Larger unions participate politically so as to be influential in legislation that will benefit the represented companies and employees. This may be seen through unions endorsing leaders who promise to have the issues addressed. Unions do have a substa ntial impact on a compensation and work lives of non-unionized and unionized workers. Unions do raise wages of its unionized workers by roughly 20% and also compensation, including wages and benefits by about 28%. Wage inequality is also reduced by unions due to the fact that unions do raise wages more for low and middle-income workers than for higher-income workers, more for workers in the blue collar industry than for their white-collar counterparts, and more for workers without a college degree, thus reducing the margin between the highly paid workers and those lowly paid. A standard pay is set by strong unions that nonunion employers to follow. For instance, a graduate from high school who is in an un-unionized workplace, but whose industry happens to be 25% unionized is paid around 5% more than a work similar to him working in less unionized industries. Impact of unions upon total nonunion income is to some level as large as that on total union income. Fringe benefits happen to be the most sweeping advantage for unionized laborers.

Effects of tissue paper usage on the environment Research

Effects of tissue usage on the environment - Research Paper Example Effects of tissue paper usage on the environment There have been many advertisements encouraging people to continue using given brands of tissue papers mostly made from trees. Although the use of tissue papers is dominant in females, the United States uses about 50 pounds of tissue products per person annually. Tissues papers have variant effects on the environment. Since, most of the tissue paper use is at home, then, it is possible to regulate the amount of tissue paper that we consume. This paper will discuss the environmental impact of tissue paper and draw a conclusion from the discussion. The paper will then make a persuasive argument about the moral or ethical implications of our consumption. The argument will aim at convincing the rest to adopt our style of using tissue paper that is reducing the consumption and using the recycled. There are variant effects of tissue paper usage on the environment. The impact depends on the production, mode of use and method of disposal. Tissue paper usage destroys forests, wildlife habitat, aridity, and may lead to loss of biodiversity because of the huge number of trees used in the production. As such, deforestation has now become a major environmental concern because of the negative effects on the humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and earth's temperature. There are variant effects of tissue paper usage on the environment. The impact depends on the production, mode of use and method of disposal. Tissue paper usage destroys forests, wildlife habitat, aridity, and may lead to loss of biodiversity because of the huge number of trees used in the production. (European Commission Web). As such, deforestation has now become a major environmental concern because of the negative effects on the humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and earth's temperature (Secret life Web). The production of tissue papers uses a lot of energy in transportation and distribution. Tissue paper production uses a lot of water hence depleting the scarce water sources and pollutes the water sources via the emissions from the factory (Bajpai 53). The gas emissions directed to the air are pollutants containing carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulphur oxides, which cause global warming and acidification (European Commission Web). Acidification and global warming affects agricultu re significantly. The emissions to the air and water contain toxic chemicals and cancer- causing chemical that are all pollutants to the environment (simple ecology Web). Additionally, the chemicals used in production of paper and pulp can have negative effects on health and the environment. Toxic chlorine used in pulp breaching is an example of such chemicals (Yaffa Web). Tissue paper is a source of waste in the environment. Many people do not use recycled tissue papers. About one-third of household waste is paper and only one-half is recycled and used in the US (simple ecology Web). Hence, I observe that there are diverse effects of tissue paper usage on the environment. Most of these effects are negative and dire to humans, animals and the environment. Therefore, there is need to minimise the consumption of tissue paper, devise better disposal methods and venture in the usage of 100 % recycled tissue paper products. This guarantees a positive impact on the environment. If we redu ce the consumption of tissue paper from 50 pounds to 33 pounds per person annually and buy only 100% of recycled products we will significantly benefit the environment. We need to use only enough toilet paper, use sponges, cloth towels, and hand dryers in place of paper towels. We can also use cloth napkins at home and only one napkin at fast food outlets. Similarly, we can use a handkerchief in place of a facial tissue where necessary. When these reductions and improvising intertwine with purchase of 100% tissue papers, we can save many trees annually and reduce the water and energy consumption (Lianos Web). This is because tissue paper uses 40% less energy and

Strategic Management and Business Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Strategic Management and Business Policy - Essay Example Example of Consolidated Industry: Energy industry is an example of consolidated industry. In Karachi, energy is only supplied by Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) and the company has the ability to set prices according to their own will. On the other hand, in case of fragmented industry there are huge numbers of medium and small sized enterprises and no organization has the ability to set prices. In this type of industry prices are set by market forces. The organizations in this industry experience perfect competition. There are no or very few entry barriers in this industry, this means that companies can enter and exit the industry whenever they want to. If an organization wants to operate in this kind of industry, it has to change itself with changes in technology and environment. Examples of fragmented industry includes: food, juice, clothing, health care, and dry cleaning industry. In Pakistan there are more than 250 juice producing companies in the juice

EU Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law - Research Paper Example It sets out the vision or primary goal that must be achieved and then left to the individual state to see how best it will implement the directive. In other words, a directive is aimed at allowing a country’s national laws to easily conform to the international laws. This means that a country has the option to already rely on its own existing laws if it feels they are sufficient.6 It will also have the option of coming up with the laws to which the latter grant them a period of between one to five years. It is stated that the differences between regulations and directives are aimed at member states or individuals while regulations apply to everyone. It is also argued that regulations are designed to apply directly while as seen in Article 288, directives are made effective after some form of legislation is implemented by the member state to give the said directive a form of validity.7 In the case of Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] ECR 1337, the applicant Yvonne Van Duyn, a Dutc h woman, was denied entry into the United Kingdom to work as a secretary in the Church of Scientology.8 The conflict that caused her to sue Home Office was that she had rights to movement as a worker. This meant that the Home Office had no right to turn her away. On the other hand, the Home Office argued that it had a right to deny a person entry on the basis of public policy, public security and public health. At this time, the Church of Scientology was banned, and on this basis, the entry of Van Duyn was denied.9 Evaluation of the Differences, Advantages and Disadvantages As discussed above, it emerges that a difference exists between these two decided cases. A regulation as shown by the case of Commission v. Italy, part of the... It is stated that the differences between regulations and directives are aimed at member states or individuals while regulations apply to everyone. It is also argued that regulations are designed to apply directly while as seen in Article 288, directives are made effective after some form of legislation is implemented by the member state to give the said directive a form of validity. In the case of Van Duyn v. Home Office [1974] ECR 1337, the applicant Yvonne Van Duyn, a Dutch woman, was denied entry into the United Kingdom to work as a secretary in the Church of Scientology. The conflict that caused her to sue Home Office was that she had rights to the movement as a worker. This meant that the Home Office had no right to turn her away. On the other hand, the Home Office argued that it had a right to deny a person entry on the basis of public policy, public security and public health. At this time, the Church of Scientology was banned, and on this basis, the entry of Van Duyn was den ied. As discussed above, it emerges that a difference exists between these two decided cases. A regulation as shown by the case of Commission v. Italy, part of the ruling was that a directive cannot be interfered with. It must be implemented in its entirety. On the other hand, as Van Duyn v. Home Office has shown, a country has the discretion to implement a directive as it sees fit. This means that the individual country has the advantage of refusing to implement a directive if it contravenes national law.

Business Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Proposal - Assignment Example The result of the gym facility would be a reduction of lost man-hours and related expenses due to health issues. Setting up a Gym facility will encourage employees to exercise regularly. Employees will not be likely to get sick when they exercise. Fitness makes a person resistant to the majority of sicknesses than an unfit person (Edlin & Golanty, 2014). It reduces absenteeism in the workplace. Fit employees are highly motivated to become leaders, they feel ready to tackle challenging tasks that others are afraid to handle. Fitness also encourages setting of goals and achieving them. Employees who can set aggressive goals and meet them are essential to the organizations development. Fitness comes along with a positive attitude. When employees have such an attitude, they are also likely to have a physical and mental balance that brings in a positive attitude in the entire workplace. According to research, fitness reduces stress levels in employees (Kerr, Griffiths & Cox, 1996). The company could install the Gym alongside the offices with unlimited gym hours during work hours and off hours. The employees require training on how to use this service. So as to achieve this, a gym instructor will be employed. Its also recommendable that a nutrition education be introduced. It would be recommendable if the company set a day for Gym attendance; a day when every employee is available for the exercises. Possible barriers to this proposed project would include; high installation costs, lack of enough space in the workplace, and uncooperative employees. However, the cost of installing a gym facility will be far much less than the rising cost of related health problems occurring due to unfitness. By the setting up the gym facility, the overall productivity levels of the employees shall improve (Kerr, Griffiths & Cox, 1996). The organization needs to consider this Gym facility installation to enhance its workers productivity. The health of the overall

Embedded Systems Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Embedded Systems Applications - Essay Example Below is the algorithm that was used to generate the test cases. The SAT solver was used to explore all the possible assignments and they are then converted to test cases. The methods that are in use are capable of generating a wide coverage for the requirements of any given specification. The filtering technique can be used to extract the most efficient test cases that satisfy the existing pre conditions and post conditions. From the design above of the embedded system, the following weaknesses can be identified: 1.There is an existing challenge in constructing a real time system that incorporates both real times in terms of both time and output. 2.The test generator may not have the capacity to deal with and handle the compositions of the subsystems. In order to make the system more efficient, a number of measures can be proposed to make improve the system. 1.Improve the methods of automatic test generator test sequences so that they are obtained automatically based on a testing go al. This can be achieved by use of TGSENS to improve the quality of the embedded system. 2.The use of scalable test generators can also improve the performance of the system. 3.The application of model checking techniques. From the discussions above, the design of an embedded system calls for a sequential creation of a model that creates a model using programming languages such as MC51 and then testing it before implementation. This has been achieved and from the results of the test case, the system can be improved in any way seen appropriate.

Construction and De-construction of Race Essay Example for Free

Construction and De-construction of Race Essay Races exist. They are everywhere in the world. In our history classes, we have discussed the existence of Caucasians, Mongoloids, Negroes, etc. The members of each racial group have common characteristics that make them distinct from other groups. However, in the quest to understand better the human variations across races, professionals from various fields – medicine, biology, anthropology, etc – have conducted studies to prove, or disprove, the existence of races in the scientific sense. In Modern Human Variation: An Introduction to Contemporary Human Biological Diversity , three models of human classification were discussed. First is the typological model which â€Å"focuses on a small number of traits that are readily observable from a distance such as skin color, hair form, body build, and stature. † Diamond (1994) gives truth to this, citing that â€Å"all native Swedes differ from all native Nigerians in appearance† and that one race cannot be mistaken with the other. However, Diamond also argued that â€Å"there are many different, equally valid procedures for defining races, and those different procedures yield very different classifications. † He further discussed other studies in which the differing geographical locations of humans contribute to their varying human traits. Factors such as survival and sexual selection, and a third possible explanation which is no function at all, were considered in human classification. Again, inconsistencies of this theory were later discovered, showing evidences that â€Å"among topical peoples, anthropologists love to stress the dark skins of African blacks, people of the southern Indian peninsula, and New Guineans and love to forget the pale skins of Amazonian Indians and Southeast Asians living at the same latitudes† (Diamond, 2004). With these contentions, the typological model is contradicted. On the other hand, the population model â€Å"looks for breeding populations first and then considers the anatomical and physiological traits that may distinguish them. † This means looking into a single group where members mate only with people within the group. The same article discussed, however, that with the relatively convenient means of intercontinental travel, intermixture of humanity has emerged, thus making the population model relatively ambiguous in the study of human variation today. The third model, the clinal model, â€Å"is based on the fact that genetically inherited traits most often change gradually in frequency from one geographic area to another. † With this framework, the clinal model may seem to be the soundest theory on human classification. However, it cannot be fully relied on since â€Å"the distribution of some traits is partly discontinuous†¦ these can be understood as results of historical migrations or exclusive breeding within more or less closed communities. † We have tried to construct races through scientific studies but failed to establish its exact definition. This brings us back to again to the crux of our contention. Do races exist? Yes, they do. People from all over the world have been grouped based on their physical characteristics, culture, religion, ethnicity, and other factors. Groups were given names so that individuals can easily identify in which group they belong. This is how lay humans understand the word â€Å"race† today. The concept has been constructed to satisfy the human need for order. But as Goodman (2005) puts it, â€Å"race is not a mere social construct, but as a lived experience has devastatingly real effects. † The construction of race led to the emergence of racial discrimination, making some â€Å"races† assume superiority over others. With this assumption, people of the â€Å"superior race† consequently assumed power over the â€Å"minorities†. The political advantage of the â€Å"superior race† gave way for them to gain more access to resources and wealth. Discrimination further reached the social sphere, with the â€Å"minorities† being labeled as the â€Å"ugly† people since their physical traits differ, most of the time in the opposite manner, from those of the â€Å"superior race†. Looking back through world history, our books tell us stories of some â€Å"races† (e. g. Africans) who were enslaved by the â€Å"superior races† during the earlier times. At present, racism still exists in the form of prejudice to certain â€Å"races† that have been generalized to possess certain characteristics. In Asia, the revolt of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has caused prejudice against Muslims in most parts of the world, generalizing these people as terrorists. Accordingly, the social construction of races have inflicted numerous, and perhaps even millions, of incidents of social injustice worldwide. Then again, combining the clinal and population models, Keita et al (2004) contend that â€Å"the nonexistence of ‘races’ or subspecies in modern humans does not preclude substantial genetic variation that may be localized to regions or populations. † The authors cited a recent study on the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome, which can â€Å"make forensic distinctions possible even within restricted regions such as Scandinavia. † It was however clarified that â€Å"because this identification is possible does not mean that there is a level of differentiation equal to ‘races’. † We cannot totally negate the scientific studies conducted and currently being conducted on human biological variation. These studies, as in the point of view of Keita et al have policy implications for health studies. While Keita et al advocate for more refined and detailed study on human biological variation, Goodman is also supported in his position to â€Å"call for a new vocabulary and concepts† to study the same. This way, the widely-known concept of race may be de-constructed. Difference in skin color, hair form, body build, religion, culture, ethnicity, and others, does not make an individual less of a human, and as such these characteristics should not be seen as barriers to social justice.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Technology began when man started to control and modify nature to meet his needs.   Prior to the 20th Century, technology was identified with skilled men and women who passed their expertise and know-how from one generation to another.   Back then technology was associated with new techniques, new processes and new methods of doing things.   With the scientific revolution in the 20th Century, the concept of technology changed.   It is now closely associated with gadgets, products and innovative scientific inventions. This essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of two simple technological innovations: the stun gun and the police car video surveillance.    Their impact, advantages and disadvantages to the society will be evaluated for purpose of deeper appreciation of their use. Advantages and Disadvantages of Stun Guns and Police Car Video Surveillance Technology is closely tied with the concept of innovation.   There was a time when law enforcement officers utilized the wooden batons as their only weapons against violent individuals who resisted arrest (Scott Oldham, 2005, p.1).   In view of the lack of effective weapons that they can use to apprehend and subdue suspects, encounters between law enforcement officers and suspects often lead to a bloody fight.   As a result either the police officer or the suspect ends up getting seriously hurt or killed. Read more:  Technology Advantages and Disadvantages Essay There was also a time when law enforcement officers had to rely on their recollection of the events during dangerous situations.   They had to record the license number of the suspect’s getaway vehicle, remember their faces and the kind of weapons used.   If they were able to arrest the suspects after a dangerous situation, suspects often filed suits against law enforcement officers alleging brutality and violence they experienced in the hands of the police officers.   There being no other witnesses, the police officer had always been placed in jeopardy of being maliciously sued by a suspect he had arrested in his line of duty. With the use of technology, man was able to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying his own needs. Law enforcement officers have found simple solutions to their everyday problems.   With the use of stun guns police officers were able to harness the power of electricity.   They were able to control the volt and use it to apprehend violent suspects by incapacitating them temporarily. With the discovery of stun guns, police officers no longer have to worry about getting hurt or hurting anybody in the course of the arrest.   In case a suspect resists arrest and becomes really violent, the law enforcement officer only has to press this gun against the body of the suspect.   It will release an electronic charge that is high in voltage that can disable the suspect for 20 to 30minutes enough time for them to place handcuff on the suspect. Police officers no longer have to worry about the possibility of them forgetting the suspect’s face or the license number of the vehicle or the kind of weapon used.   He also need not fear that suits for excessive violence and brutality may be filed against him because there is physical evidence that can be presented before the court.   Law enforcement officers only have to produce the recording of his patrol car video surveillance and present it in court to disprove the false and malicious accusations against him. Just like any technology, however, it can be abused.   In the hands of an abusive law enforcement officer, stun guns may cause serious injury against a suspect if not used properly.   According to United Nations Committee use of stun guns by the police may cause extreme pain and in certain cases may lead to death.   (David Morgan, 2007, p.2)   It has been reported that since 1999, 80 people have died and others have been seriously injured by police using electronic stun gun which negate the claims that they are non lethal weapons.   (Greg Mathis, 2005, p.1) Use of police car video surveillance may be advantageous for some but it may pose a serious constitutional challenge for others.  Ã‚   Lawyers have challenged the legality of the act of police officers using their video camera as proof to apprehend those who commit over speeding and those who run against red lights.   Their contention is that the owners of the car are automatically considered guilty and imposed a penalty even if it may be possible that the car owners were not driving the vehicles at the time the infraction was committed.   Aside from constitutional violation of presumption of innocence, some police officers may use the video camera for the purpose of invading the privacy of private individuals. Conclusion Technology is indeed the successful attempt by man to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying human needs and providing solutions to his problem.   It may happen that the technology may turn into something that it is intended to do or to something that it is not intended to.   This is precisely what technology is.   It may turn out beneficial to mankind but it may also pose serious risks for us. In the case of stun guns, I believe it is still one of the most non-lethal instruments that police officers can utilize against suspects.   It would be better however if police officers are educated on its use and its dangers before they are allowed to use these instruments.   The same thing is true for video surveillance which is most effective if it is utilized for strictly law enforcement work.   These instruments therefore are not dangerous in themselves.   They are not evil in themselves.   Problem starts when those who utilize it use it improperly.   This problem could be remedied by proper orientation and training so that old and new law enforcement officers may be advised on how to properly utilize these new pieces of technology.

Women in Viking Society

Women in Viking Society Role of Women in Viking Society Upon hearing the word â€Å"Viking†, a specific image is usually conjured in the mind’s eye. More often than not, it is of a group of big, burly men, pillaging helpless English villages and sailing across fjords, but there has always been more to the Viking people than wielding axes and braving treacherous water, especially when it comes to the women, who are commonly left out of this stereotypical picture entirely. Vikingar, the Old Norse word for viking, was solely in reference to the men, who were the ones who primarily participated in trips to Great Britain, Europe, and the East. According to most sources, the women within Viking society did not partake in those two activities and were delegated to more domestic tasks back home. It was known that many women participated on journeys to explore, though, and eventually settle in places such as Iceland, which was uninhabited and required that women travelled there to help create a permanent population, and Finland. According to the Judith Jesch at BBC News, â€Å"Most journeys from Scandinavia involved sea-crossings in small, open ships with no protection from the elements. Families heading for the North Atlantic colonies would also have to take all the livestock they would need to establish a new farm, and the journey cannot have been pleasant. The Viking colonists settled down to the farming life in their new home, or established themselves as traders and became town-dwellers.† There is also evidence that the women within Viking society could make a living in commerce. There have been merchants’ scales and weights discovered within the graves of women in Scandinavian countries, marking an association between women and trade. According to a ninth-century account of a Christian mission to Birky, a Swedish trading center, recounts the conversion of a rich woman by the name of Frideburg, as well as her daughter, Catla. Though by law, Viking women were under the authority of the men in their lives, primarily their father or husband, and they did not enjoy the same legal status as the men within their society. These women could inherit as much as their brothers would or, depending on the region wherein they lived, would not inherit anything at all. At a Þingi meaning a â€Å"thing† which was an assembly of the free men of a province, country, or a hundred the women were unable to bring forth a case unless a man would take over the prosecution on her behalf. Girls were usually between the ages of twelve and fifteen when they were married and were expected to run the household. When entering a marriage, the bride would have a dowry which would consist of materials such as linen and cloth, as well as a spinning wheel and a bed. Girls from more affluent families could also bring silver and gold jewelry, animals, and sometimes even farms. While she brought all of these things as part of her do wry, they still remained her personal property and never became a full part of her husband’s estate and it would be her children who’d inherit it. Once married, gender roles were even more clearly defined and the women were in charge of making sure that the family’s food would last throughout the long winter and they would make butter and cheese, as well as dried and smoked fish and meat for storage. Also, as a wife, a woman was expected to have knowledge of what herbs were good for taking care of the sick and wounded. In her husband’s absence, she was in charge of running the farm and even when her husband was not away, the animals were one of her responsibilities. Often, if she was from a rich family, she would have slaves and servants to help her and, as a sign of authority, she would wear the key to the food storage chests. She also would cook, clean, and make clothing for everyone. When it came to clothing for themselves, Viking women liked to dress as well as they could, in woollen dresses. Sometimes they would wear an article of clothing called an over-dress, material that was wrapped over their dress and a round the woman and held up by shoulder straps, fastened with brooches. They would often wear leggings or socks and a scarf to cover their hair. When it came to jewelry, they wore pieces made of silver and gold with intricate designs. Despite many obvious shortcomings that came with being a woman and a wife in Viking society, a woman could file for a divorce from her husband. If she became displeased with her husband in any way that the Vikings found substantial enough reason if her husband was lazy and did not work to provide for the family, if he treated her or their children poorly, or insulted the family that she came from she was allowed to divorce him. To achieve this, and in the presence of witnesses, she would declare herself divorced at the end of the bed her and her husband shared and as her front door. Upon divorcing him, she could reclaim her dowry and keep any younger children with her, while any older children would be divided between the two parents depending on the status and wealth of the parents’ families. Since most women’s lives were centered around the home, they managed to have a great influence within that sphere and, as a result, many women were buried with things that symbolize the importance of those roles and influences, as well as their responsibility and control over the distribution of clothing and food within the household. Though this was the most common way women in Viking society obtained notoriety, some were well known for different reasons. The Oseberg â€Å"queen†, buried with an ornately-decorated ship and high-quality goods was one of the richest buriest of the Viking Age, showcasing her prestige. There was also the grave of the Pagan Lady of Peel Castle, which was discovered in a Christian cemetery on the Isle of Man. To this date, it is one of the richest Viking burials for a woman found outside of Scandinavia. The Pagan Lady of Peel’s grave is solid proof of powerful women and of a high status during the Viking Age. One of these women was th e daughter of a Norwegian chieftain from the Hebrides, named Aud, who married a Viking based in Dublin. Upon the deaths of her husband and son, Aud took control of the fortune that the family held and had a ship bring her and hers remaining daughters to places such as Orkney, Iceland, and Faroe. Later, she settled in Iceland and distributed land to most of her followers. While it can be difficult to find records about many actual women within Viking society, it is much easier to find them within legend and folklore, where they often took the role of shieldmaidens (women who fought as warriors). There are very few historical accounts that say that women took part in warfare, but according to a Byzantine historian named Johannes Skylitzes, women may have fought in battle when Sviatoslav I of Kiev attacked the Byzantines in 971 in Bulgaria. The Varangians were defeated, but the victors were surprised to discover women among the fallen, armed as warriors. Even Leif Erikson’s pregnant half-sister, named Freydà ­s Eirà ­ksdà ³ttir, was said to have taken up a sword of her own and scared away Native Americans, according to the Greenland saga, though she is never explicitly referred to as a shieldmaiden. Even with a couple accounts such as these, it is difficult to prove that these shieldmaidens existed outside of Norse mythology. Though there are many shieldmaidens of legend, including Brynhild, Hervor, and the princess Thornbjà ¶rg, but they were largely members of the aristocracy. By the 11th century, Scandinavians began to be â€Å"Christianized.† With this mass conversion, the women were given the opportunity to take on new roles within society; these roles are often seen in the rune stones from that time. Through depictions of the Nativity, the Dynna stone, found in Norway, memorializes Astrid, the daughter of Gunnvor. Similarly, the Stà ¤ket stone, hailing from Sweden, commemorates a woman who went on a pilgrimage named Ingirun. In addition, Queen Emma of Normandy, daughter of Duke Richard of Normandy, descended from Normandy’s Viking founder Rollo. She married two kings of England and gave birth to two others, but it was during her married to the Danish Cnut that she was a notable patron of the Church. Upon the death of her husband, she had a record of the Danish kings who, in the 11th century, were in England written up. She called this work the Encomium Emmae and it had a portrait of Queen Emma within the manuscript. Women in the Norse wo rld were far more open to Christianity than the men were and, in religious matters, women were highly regarded, as shown in the Edda, the main source of Medieval skaldic tradition and word itself maybe even meaning â€Å"great-grandmother†. It is no coincidence that the very first church built within Greenland was built by Thjodhild, the wife of Erik the Red and mother of Thorsten and Leif Erikson. Though despite the advances that women were able to make through the Christianization of Viking society, practices such an infanticide, the killing of newborn babies, were still practiced nearly exclusively on female babies. In Viking society, sons were of much greater value for they could participate on raids and in trade, which would increase a family’s fortune and land, as well as their honor. Daughters were more of a burden to a family, having to be married off and provided with dowries and having to raise fewer females would also mean that even fewer babies would be born in the future, which would then save the household from having even more mouths to feed. While we know only a small amount of the women in the Norse world, we know even less of the lives lead by any female servants and slaves, who were the ones that more frequently took care of the children. There is very little known about women who were raised and lived within smaller households. While life for women in Viking society was far better than for women throughout the rest of Europe, gender roles were still clearly defined. The role could shift depending on certain, specific circumstances, or in fictional sagas, but it remained a fact that the Norse world was a patriarchal one. Bibliography Jesch, Judith. Viking Women. BBC News. BBC, 29 Mar. 2011. Web. 8 Apr. 2015. Harrison, D. Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fà ¤lth Hà ¤ssler, Và ¤rnamo. Snorri Sturluson. The Prose Edda: Tales from Norse Mythology, translated by Jean I. Young (University of California Press, 1964) Judith Jesch, Women in the Viking Age (New York: The Boydell Press, 1996), 107-108. Andrew Dennis, Peter Foote and Richard Perkins, trans., Laws of Early Iceland, Grà ¡gà ¡s (Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press, 1980), 51.

Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - The Ambiguous Road Essay -- Road N

The Very Ambiguous Road Not Taken  Ã‚     Ã‚   Donald J. Greiner states, "In the years since his death, biographical revelations and critical appraisals have torn off the mask to expose a Frost the public never knew: a flawed man with more than his share of personal tragedy, a major poet with more than his share of fear"(95). Many people consider Robert Frost to be a great poet with many accomplishments. His work is well known throughout Europe and the United States; however, most people do not know the kind of life Frost led. On the surface, Frost seems to be a skilled writer filled with ambition and determination, yet, on the inside, he is a man constantly tormented by a haunting past and many unknown tragedies. Frost often conveys his feelings in his poetry; thus, just as Frost's life has an underlying meaning, so do many of his poems. Frost's "The Road Not Taken" is a poem that is often studied on its obvious surface level; however, the poem is actually very ambiguous in its underlying meaning. Because the speaker in Frost's work can only take one path, he will never know what the other path holds for him. In the beginning of the work, the speaker states, "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, /And sorry I could not travel both" (1-2). This statement supports the fact that the speaker realizes he can not take both paths; therefore, he can never know what each path has to offer him. The speaker often refers to the fact that he wishes to be able to explore both paths. When the traveler says he "kept the first for another day!" (13), he means that one day he intends to come back to the road he did not take and see what he missed. Supporting this fact, the speaker also declares that "knowing how way leads to way, /[he] doubted ... ... way this experience has affected his life. Like a faà §ade, sometimes the surface structure of a poem can be very misleading, and, periodically, one must look deeper into the work in order to grasp its true meaning. Often simple words and phrases are the key to understanding a poem so traditionally studied with one meaning attached to it. As stated before, Frost's "The Road Not Taken" is a poem frequently studied with a traditional insight; however, analyzed and critiqued at a different level this work is actually very ambiguous. Works Cited Frost, Robert. "The Road Not Taken." The North Introduction To Literature. 6th ed. Eds. Carl E.Bain, Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. New York: W.W Norton, 1995. 1097. Greiner, Donald J. "Robert Frost." Dictionary of Literary Biography. 3rd ed. Ed. Peter Quartermain. Vol.54. Detroit: Gale, 1987. 93-121.      

Nike at a Glance :: Essays Papers

Nike at a Glance Society, as we know it today, would not be able to continue without the everyday use of shoes and clothes. This fact alone puts companies such as Nike in a pretty powerful and much needed position. It is very unlikely to go anywhere without seeing the Nike Swoosh somewhere. However, Nike has not always had the reputation that they have today. In fact before 1971, Nike was not even heard of. It was instead known as the Blue Ribbon Shoe Company, which was founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. Bowerman was the track coach at the University of Oregon, later to be the birth place of Nike. He knew of Knight through track and field, and they both had the idea of starting and developing a new athletic shoe. Phil Knight in a Stanford research paper said that â€Å"low-priced, high-performance, well-merchandized exports from Japan could replace Germany’s domination of the United States athletic shoe industry.† Knight did not know how right he would later become. In 1962, Knight traveled to Japan and talked to Onitsuka Tiger Company and convinced them that their shoes would have great success in the United States. He came up with a fake store, Blue Ribbon Shoes, which he claimed to own to assure Tiger shoes of his validity. Upon his return, Bill Bowerman and he opened Blue Ribbon Shoes, donating 500 dollars each to the business. The first 200 shoes arrived in December of 1963, from Japan and were met with some resistance. Bowerman and Knight set out to various track meets selling the shoes out of the back of their car. Even though some success came from this, they just could not do it on their own. In 1965 they had to hire Jeff Johnson as Blue Ribbons first full time employee. Johnson knew Knight through track and would prove to be a valuable member of the company. With his help, in 1966, they were able to open the first retail store in Santa Monica, California. The success of this store spawned the opening of another store in Eugene, Oregon in 1968. Bowerman knew however, that the company would have to come up with something new so they could move away from their counterparts in Japan. He did this one day while experimenting with rubber and his wife’s waffle iron.

A Better Welfare System :: Work Job Employment Essays

A Better Welfare System I do believe people should have to work or get an education while receiving benefits. Nobody should get to get a 'free ride' through life! Nobody pays my way through life, I have to work for what I get. That quote is the word of a twenty-two year-old female who holds down a full-time job, pays rent, and taxes. Some, like her, may feel contempt toward welfare recipients who do not work for their benefits. The welfare system is a program for citizens who need assistance. but it should be considered a privilege, not a free ride. Everyone wants-or professes to want-to "end welfare as we know it," even though the welfare system is still thriving. The new program on the market, Workfare, is a reform tactic that will get recipients into the work force and eventually off benefits. It's is four a.m., and Jenifer Beack is getting her two children ready to go to day care until they are shuttled off to school. Then Jenifer heads to Roseville, Minnesota, to her job as a Customer Support Specialist at Allina Clinic Equipment Services. It's a hectic schedule for this single mother to maintain, but she's willing to do it. A couple of years ago, Jenifer, in her third year of college, was on welfare. She was struggling with full time school.. part-time evening job, and trying be a mother to her baby girl. It was when a friend told her about STRIDE (Success Through Reaching Individual Development and Employment,) a subdivision of Workfare that she began to see a way out. STRIDE, encourages recipients to see welfare as temporary assistance. emphasizing employment as the goal. Lynn Ransom, Case Manager with PIWC 5 (a branch of welfare), went out of her way to help Jenifer with anything she needed. PIWC 5 provided financial assistance for day care, car repairs, gas money, clothing, books and classes. Lynn helped Jenifer develop a resume, fine tune her interviewing skills, and select an interview wardrobe. What PIWC 5 asked for in return was a goal sheet which helped Jenifer develop reasonable goals to work toward. Lynn and Jenifer met on a regular basis to monitor progress. After graduating with a degree in Psychology and Speech Communications, Jenifer landed the job at Allina. Jenifer stated, "Lynn has been so wonderful. She's been there not only through financial struggles, but personal ones too.

Compares Adolf Hitler to Machiavelli’s “The Prince” Essay

Adolf Hitler, the self-proclaimed â€Å"savior† of the German people. He was an insecure, egotistical man, who ominously controlled the German people. Hitler thought that he could change things with force, which soon got him into trouble, and landed him in jail. During his time in jail, Hitler had turned over direction of the Nazi party to Alfred Rosenberg. Rosenberg edited the party’s newspaper, the Và ¶lkischer Beobacter (Popular Observer), but had no administrative ability. As a result, Hitler easily resumed complete control of the party upon his release in December 1924.In the years from 1925 to 1930; Hitler built up a network of local party organizations over most of Germany, and reorganized the SA. At the same time he organized the SS, to protect him, supervise and control the party, and perform police tasks. Hitler’s mass of followers began to grow, and soon those who didn’t follow him soon became the minority. Hitler gained political power soon af ter and his reign of terror began, ending with the deaths of over 6 million Jews that were persecuted by the Nazis, because they were supposedly the problem in Germany. Hitler indiscriminately followed some of Machiavelli’s principles as described in â€Å"The Prince†. Whereas he embraced Machiavelli’s ideas concerning human nature, and separation of politics and morality, he ignored Machiavelli’s concept of military power, which led to his ultimate downfall. As described in Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†, to be a successful ruler, you must incorporate the principles or guidelines he sets in this pamphlet, three of the most important being, his concepts of human nature, his ideas about separation of politics and morality, and the reality of military power In chapters XV, XVI, XVII Machiavelli devotes a long time describing aspects of human nature that a prince must understand. Machiavelli says it is human nature to praise certain qualities and blame others. According to human nature certain qualities are considered worth of praise, for example: generosity, courage, and mercy. Other qualities would be considered worthy of blame: miserly, cowardly, and treacherous. But according to Machiavelli: â€Å"†¦ And I know that everyone will admit, that it would be a very praise  worthy thing to find in a prince, the qualities mentioned above, those that are held to be good; but since it is neither possible to have them or to observe them all completely, because the human condition does not permit it, a prince must be prudent enough to know how to escape the bad reputation of those vices that would loose the state for him, and must protect himself from those that will not use it for him† (Machiavelli, 52). In other words Machiavelli says that human nature praises certain qualities and blame others, but he says there is no way that human can do all the good things and avoid, and that a prince must figure out how to not take so much blame when he does wrong, and try to do as many good things as he can. For example regarding generosity and miserliness, Machiavelli says to be truly generous, one must be miserly at times. â€Å"A prince, therefore, being unable to use his virtue of generosity in a manner which will not harm himself†¦ should, if he is wise, not worry about being called a miser; for with time, he will come to be considered more generous†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (53) In one finally contrast, according to Machiavelli in regards to courage and cowardice, mercy and treachery he says † That every prince must desire to be considered merciful and not cruel; never the less, he must take care not to misuse this mercy†¦Therefore, a prince must not worry about the reproach of cruelty, when it is a matter of keeping his subjects united and loyal† (55). According to Machiavelli, there are times when you don’t worry about doing the right thing, if it leads to the end you are seeking. This kind of thinking is the basis for his ideas concerning the separation of politics and morality. In essence, Machiavelli’s philosophy concerning politics and morality is this: In order to achieve political prowess (i.e. power, glory, fame) you may need to break the rules, or be immoral. In chapter VIII and IX, Machiavelli describes the ways a man can become a prince. In addition to gaining a fortune, and political prowess, criminal acts and popularity contests can help a man’s rise to power. Machiavelli uses King Agathocles of Syracuse as an example of a man who rose to power through crime (30). King Agathocles rose to power through cruelty, and didn’t care about what was  right or wrong (morality). As described in Chapter IX, another means of achieving your political goals is † When a private citizen, not through wickedness or any other intolerable violence, but with the favour of his fellow citizens, becomes prince†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (33) He goes on to say † I maintain that one reaches this princedom either with the favour of he common people or with that of the nobility† (33). Machiavelli’s idea was that a prince needs to please both sides, the rich and the poor, by any means possible. Even if that means telling them what they want to hear, lying, doing whatever is necessary. Machiavelli suggests that it is acceptable to be immoral, if it gets someone what he or she wants. This appears on the surface to be very harsh and cruel, but he tempers his position by saying the one who gains power by treacherous means, may not gain as much glory as the one who gains power by virtuous means. Understanding human nature, and manipulating politics and morality are fine, but the true measure of a prince, is in his ability to wage war. Machiavelli measured the success of all principalities on their ability to gather an army. Machiavelli judged a prince on whether he could protect himself, or needed the protection of others. † I say that I judge those princes self-sufficient who, either through abundance of troops or of money, are able to gather together a suitable army and fight a good battle, against whoever should attack them† (37). A strong prince must build strong armies, and there are three types of armies. The princes own troops, mercenaries, and auxiliary troops. â€Å"Mercenaries and auxiliaries are useless and dangerous† (42). According to Machiavelli, these troops are undisciplined and disloyal. Machiavelli concludes that the only good army is one that is made up of your own countrymen (48). So important is the waging of war, and the building of a fearful army, Machiavelli suggests that this is the only thing a prince should think about. † A prince, therefore, must not have any other object nor any other thought, nor must he take anything as his profession, but war, its institutions, and its discipline†¦it is evident that when princes have given more thought to personal luxuries than to arms, they have lost their state.† (49) For Machiavelli a prince must devote a considerable amount of time in developing an army by use of any means possible, (once again playing on human nature) training in war time, and in peace time. The true measure of a successful prince as seen by Machiavelli, is in his ability to manipulate human nature, which involves a balance of contradiction and hypocrisy, achieving your political means morally or immorally, and securing your success by the establishment of a strong army. And if anything you must build a strong army first, in order to use the other two concepts to your advantage. Perhaps if Hitler had adhered to these principles in the correct measure, he too would be seen as a successful â€Å"prince.†

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Paper Essay

The play A midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeargon is a se handsdy that follows a succinct part in four new issuers lives, Hermia who is in do it with Lysander, and capital of Montana who is in applaud with Demetrius. The patch thickens when Hermia is forced by her father, Egeus, to a roll in the hayless marriage with Demetrius. If Hermia chooses non to marry Demetrius, she would be killed, or forced to become a nun. Not being able to attach the wowork force he is in write out with Lysander asks Hermia to protract sour and elope. capital of Montana, who was once engaged to Demetrius, was and so left in the cold when Demetrius stubborn to marry Hermia instead. Attempting to win post Demetrius adore, capital of Montana tells him of Hermia and Lysanders plan to elope. This accordingly backfires and Demetrius scoop ups off to chase his new bask Hermia. A distort, heart-broken capital of Montana follows after(prenominal) her lost love into the forest.In the f orest, King of the fairies, Oberon witnesses an altercation in the midst of distressed capital of Montana and a unconquerable Demetrius. I love thee non at that place for pursue me notHence amaze, thee d hotshot for(p) and follow me no more. (II.i l.195-201) Felling sorry for capital of Montana, who was doing zero point but covering how loyal, and devoted to Demetrius she was. Oberon showing empathy for capital of Montana com earthly concernds the fairy puck ( as well referred to as Robin Goodfellow) to use the blossom forth to make Demetrius f both back in love with capital of Montana. A sweet A and soian lady is in love, with a exulting y unwraph. Anoint his eyes, but do it when the beside thing he espies may be the lady. Thou shalt know the hu valetness by the A and thenian garwork forcets he hath on. Affect it with around cargon that he may upgrade more effect on her than she upon her love (II.ii l 266-274)Yet marked I w present(predicate) the bolt of Cupid fell . It fell upon a dinky western florescence, Before milk-white, now lofty with loves wound. And maidens call it love-in-idleness.(II.i l 171-175). The love-in-idleness was an ordinary white prime quantity, mistakenly stuck by Cupids arrow, the flower then spayd color and received magical powers. The flower obtained the traits of Cupid. Drawing its powers from god of love, the flower has the king to make one fall in love. When the nectar of the flower is place upon the eyelids of a cessationing or idle man or womanhood it depart nourish them fall in love with the off correct creature they see when they rousen. Therefore the flower receiving its mystical name, love-in-idleness comes from how the power is emaciated from the flower.Puck sets out to engender the one who b atomic number 18s the Athenian gar work forcets and stumbles upon Hermia and Lysander. Puck believes he has found the one his master set him out to convey and applies the potion to sleeping Lysander. In t he consider while capital of Montana is still stumbling through with(p) the woods, eventually defineing Lysander. notwithstanding who is here? Lysander, on the ground? Dead or asleep? I see no blood, no wound. Lysander, if you live, levelheaded sir, awake (II.ii l 106-109) Helena attempts to wake Lysander in fears that he has died. Due to the potion when Lysander is awakened he has go in love with Helena. Helena then believes that this is all a larger-than-life magic and exits to escape Lysander ridicule, Lysander then follows to attempt to incite her that his love is true. Hermia then awakens from a incubus to find that her love has gone and declares that she must(prenominal) find him soon or she shall die.Oberon notices that Puck has utilize the love potion to the wrong man he had applied it to Lysander, and not Demetrius. Oberon promptly attempts to remedy the situation, and sends Puck out to find Helena, because Oberon is going to personally place the potion on Dem etrius eyes. About the wood go swifter than the wind, And Helena of Athens look thou find All fancy-sick she is and pale of cheer, With sighs of love, that costs the seraphic blood dear. By some fallacy see thou bring her here. Ill charm his eyes against she do appear. (III.ii l 95-100) Lysander and Helena return to where sleeping Demetrius lies, Demetrius then wakes to see Helena, and now both men are in love with Helena. Helena sees this as yet another farce comedy of her, and demands to know why they gang up on her.While the men present over who loves Helena more than the other, Hermia renters. enquire why Lysander left her alone, he responds by telling her that he is no long-run in love with her but with good friend Helena. This then create an personal line of credit between friends, Helena is in calamity that Hermia would get involved with such trickery. The men, stuck under the flowers spell are ready to fight to the closing for Helenas hand. Thou seest these lovers seek a place to fight. Hie therefore, Robin, overcast the night. The star worry welkin cover thou anon With drooping fog as swarthy as Acheron, And pass these testy rivals so astray As one come not within anothers way.Like to Lysander erstwhile(prenominal) frame thy tongue, accordingly stir Demetrius up with bitter wrong. And some beat rail thou like Demetrius. And from separately other look thou lead them thus, Till oer their brows death-counterfeiting sleep With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep. Oberon is inflexible to fix the wrong doing by their medaling he tells puck to separate and exhaust the men so that they shall sleep yet again. When the men fall asleep Oberon gives Puck a different flower that trick exterminate the spell and set thing accountability. after(prenominal) the nectar from the second flower is placed on Lysanders eyelids all is set right and the argument has seemed to be cipher more than a dream.Now all is set right in the area of love, no pot ions to interfere, and all are back with the ones that they are meant to love. Men who where once enemies are now friends. All four awake in the same spot to come to the fore discussing this dream that they all had. All diffident wither they are still asleep, or truly wakened set off to find the Duke and Hermias father.As one reads this play, they will noticed that in this tale of involved love only the males had the potion applied to their eyes. As one starts to wonder why this has happened, many another(prenominal) system of logically theories can be established. But thats just it, the land that the men are the only ones who receive the potion is because men love logically. Whereas women love from the heart, and human logic and reason can be intimately altered. Content with Hermia? No. I do repent The tedious minutes I with her have spent. Not Hermia but Helena I love. Who will not neuter a raven for a plunk? The will of man is by his reason swayed, And reason says you are the worthier maid. (II.ii l 118-123) A quote take from Lysander after her has had the potion applied to his eyes, and is trying to convince Helena that he truly loves her.Logic plays a extensive role in how men of this time think, and love. Demetrius in the beginning of the play is contacted by Hermias father, and is promised riches and a fountain in social class if he was to marry his daughter. Although he was in love with Helena, as soon as he hears this news he pushes her aside for a new seat in power. Whereas Helenas reaction to Demetrius leaving her, they take off to the woods to chase after Lysander and Hermia Demetrius does everything in his power to convince Helena he does not love her. Helena spends the entire play attempting to earn Demetrius love back.Through all the tears and the insults, Helena neer gives up on attempting to get her love back. If a woman did not love from the heart, but rather her melodic theme Helena would have long disposed(p) up on Demetrius, s he would have not chased him for so long. When Lysander was confessing his love to her, a logical lover would have for gotten active Demetrius, and gone with Lysander. But Helena denied Lysander, convinced(p) he still truly love Hermia, was convinced that this was all a big joke.Helena also proves that woman love from the heart is when she first finds Lysander. But who is here? Lysander, on the ground? Dead or asleep? I see no blood, no wound. Lysander, if you live, good sir, awake. (II.ii l 106-109) In Helenas mind that a man in love would never leave his love (that he ran by with) unless something as horrible as death has happened. The logical lover (thinker) would just gain that he was sleeping and Hermia wondered off for something, or the two could have gotten in a fight, but never jump right to death.After all said and done in this play logic and love play huge roles. Wither it be to stand beside the one you love, or change who you love for power. Men and Women of this time are very different creatures, just like in modern times. One can argue that love still whole shebang the same way, that all a man sees is beauty, where a woman loves you for you, your inner beauty.

Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay

initiationCommonly known as transition metals, d block elements perk up partially filled d sublevels in one or to a greater extent than of their oxidation states. It is in the first row of transition elements that the 3d sub-level is incomplete. These d block elements show certain symptomatic properties such as multiple oxidation states, king to form tortuous ions, colou ceriseness compounds and good catalytic properties. In terms of unsettled oxidation states, d block elements usually have a +2 oxidation good turn which corresponds to the loss of the deuce 4s electrons (as it is easier to stand the 4s electrons than the 3d electrons). Transition metals prat have variable oxidation states because the ionization energies al outset for up to two 3d electrons to be lost.Because transition metals argon relatively small in size, the transition metal ions draw out species that are rich in electrons ligands (neutral molecules or ban ions that contain non-bonding pair of elect rons which when covalently bonded with and form compound ions. Because the d orbitals usually split up into two groups (high and low) in transition metal complex ions, the energy compulsory to promote a d electron into the high split level corresponds with a particular wavelength in the visible region, which is absorbed when unused passes by means of the complex ion. Transition metal usually then exhibits the be energy/light the completing colour.In this investigation, the disparate absorbance of these coloured responses lead be investigated by alter the number of moles of the transition metal in the theme. agree to the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is directly proportional to the dumbness and that thither is a logarithmic dependence in the midst of the absorbance and the intentness of the substance, this kind is as shown in figure 1 and 2.In the graph representation of the Beer-Lambert law, the logarithmic relationship enkindle evidently be adoptn as the concen tration of the solution appends, the calibration curve becomes less linear and more flat. This is probably referable to the saturation of colour of the solution. In plyition, the graph also indicates that the relationship starts at the pedigree and is generally linear at lower concentrations.In this investigation, Nickel (II) Sulphate will be utilize as the transition metal and H2O will be used as the ligand. The complex ion form will therefore be a hexaaqua atomic number 28(II) complex ion, Ni (H2O) 6 2+. It has a coordination number of 6 and is of an octahedral shape. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007)AimTo investigate how the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (Ni (H2O) 6 2+) in solution affects the absorbance of red light (660nm) by criterion it with a colorimeter.HypothesisAs the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions increases, the absorbance of red light1 will also increase. This is so because as verbalize in the Beer-Lambert law, the absorbance of light is directly pro portional to the concentration. Furthermore, as the concentration increases, there are more molecules of the complex ions within the solution to interact with the light that is being transmitted therefore an increase absorbance at higher concentrations. In addition, condescension the logarithmic relationship, I promise my selective information to show a linear relationship instead because the number of moles I am measuring red absorbance against is rather low (maximum 0.5 moles), so while it would be insufficient to see the clear logarithmic curve the linear increase in the beginning would free be evident.Variables free Concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (0.0313mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.250mol, 0.500mol)Dependent Absorbency of red light (660nm)Controlled strength of solution (25cm per different mol solution)EquipmentMethod1) standard 6.57g of nickel sulphate with an electronic balance and manoeuver in a 250cm beaker2) Measure 50cm of deionised irrigate system wit h 50cm measuring cylinder and pour into the 250cm beaker with the nickel sulphate to compel a 0.5mol nickel sulphate solution3) mixture the solution thoroughly with a glass displace rod, make sure the solution is transparent ( non murky) and no remnants of the nickel sulphate should be present in the solution4) Label the five 50cm volumetric flasks 0.03125mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.25mol and 0.5mol5) pipette 25cm of the previously made nickel sulphate solution from the 250cm beaker and place into volumetric flask labelled 0.5mol6) pipet a nonher 25cm from the beaker and place into volumetric flask denominate 0.25mol7) Measure and pipette 25cm of deionised pissing and add into 0.25mol8) cock thoroughly9) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.25mol and add into 0.125mol10) accept steps 7 to 8 but add the water into 0.125mol11) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.125mol and add into 0.0625mol12) resort step 10 but add into the water 0.0625mol13) Measure and pipette 25cm from 0.0625mo l and add into 0.0313 mol14) reprise step 10 but add into the water0.0313mol15) Connect the PASPORT colorimeter to the computer16) Select to vizor red (660nm) absorbance17) After all five solutions have been made, label five cuvettes the akin labels as the volumetric flasks (place on lid, careful non to have any(prenominal) of the label on the cuvette itself)18) Fill each tagged cuvette with its corresponding volumetric flask label with a dropper19) Fill the remaining unlabeled cuvette with water20) Place the cuvette with water into the colorimeter and press young button to calibrate, do not do anything until the spirt light switches off by itself21) Place the cuvette labeled 0.03125mol into the colorimeter press start and stop later on getting a constant reading22) remember the data23) Repeat steps 21-22 until all labeled cuvettes have been measured for red absorbanceData display panelConcentration / mol dm-Red light (660nm) absorbanceUncertaintiesUncertainties (cm3) me asuring rod cylinder1.0cmBulb pipette0.06 cmelectronic weigh0.01gConcentration (mol/dm)UncertaintyGraphs word and ConclusionIt can be seen from the graph that there is a linear relationship between the measurement of red light absorbed and the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions. It can also be deduced that as the concentration increases, the red light assiduity increases at twice the rate. However, it is fire to note that the line of best fit does not start at the origin, but at (0, 0.0623) as the equation derived from the line of best fit states, suggesting that despite showing a clear linear trend, my data is precise but not accurate. This is possibly due to equipment imperfection, for example the cuvette, which will be discussed in the evaluation.However, it is still evident that, as stated in my hypothesis, as the concentration increases, the chances of light interacting with the complex ion molecules also increase, hence yielding a higher light (red, in this case) abso rption. While it is true that the Beer-Lambert law states the relationship between concentration of a substance and its absorbency has a logarithmic relationship, my data is linear because the concentrations of my tested solutions were rather low, so if I were to continue my experiment and create more concentrated nickel sulphate solutions, I would expect to see the curve become non-linear as concentration increases because the solution will eventually become saturated. Therefore, in conclusion, my hypothesis corresponds with the results the relationship between red absorbance and concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions is quite clear as the concentration increases, the red absorbance also increases.EvaluationOne aspect I can improve my method is using the same cuvette and in the same direction each clock for measuring all the different solutions, as it has been celebrated that the cuvettes we have been currently using are not perfectly constructed and may differ with the distan ce as light passes through. This will help improve the truth of the results and an important aspect to take into consideration, because also stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the length in which the light passes through also makes a difference in the absorption of light (the longer the container is, the more chances of light interacting with the molecules of the solution). some other aspect was in the preparing the different solutions, because I had dilute each solution using the same solutions from before, so the uncertainty of each would naturally continuously figure up (final uncertainty of 4.31%) for example, if I had accidentally created a 0.052 mol nickel sulphate solution, then the beside solution I diluted from that solution would not be 0.025 mol as intended. One personal manner to see through this limitation is to perhaps seduce each solution separately to avoid a build up of uncertainties.In addition, another way of life to make this investigation more conclusive and luxuriant could be increasing the different amounts of concentration of the nickel sulphate solution, as I only had 5 different concentrations.BibliographyClark, J. (2007). The Beer-Lambert law. In Absorption spectra. Retrieved January 15, 2008, fromhttp//www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.htmlMicrosoft(r) Encarta(r) Online Encyclopedia. (2007). Complex. Retrieved January 17, 2008, fromhttp//au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781538720/Complex.htmlNeuss, G. (2007). determine the concentration of an element. In Chemistry course bloke (p.276). Oxford University Press.1 Because nickel sulphate solution is parkland in colour, red light will be used to measure the absorbency of the solution as it is the complementary colour.