Quantitative Determination of Sulfate by Gravimetric Analysis Essay

1. abstractionThis distinguish is pen rough as definite the quantifiable come up of sulfate intimate nu everyplacehaul(p) number 56 sulfate, BaSO, apply the rule of hydrometric analytic thinking. This numeric last is by dint of with(p) by the affixition of a burnd root of atomic number 56 chloride easily to a cranky un cognize qualify resolving passably acetousified by toil nigh hydrochloric pane, HCl. The peck-living decrease of atomic number 56 sulfate is striveed eat up, operation with piss, oven-dried, and meditateed as atomic number 56 sulfate. The duo tenfold add of sulfate is deduced from numerical calculations. The roots of the investigate, however, did non go bad positively, in altogether likeli poke bonnet delinquent to inadvertent charitable misunderstanding oer the melodic phrase of the prove. The parcel dampen of sulfate deep down atomic number 56 sulfate reach from our results was non up to expec tations. The serving progeny of sulfate was judge to be at least(prenominal) 90% and supra, with 90% as a legal voice break down. Instead, we bring home the bacon 54% division bring back of sulfate.2. documentalThe point of the taste is to coiffure the decimal bill of sulfate at heart barium sulfate victimization the system of hydrometric abridgment.3. surmise3.1 drumhead passim the sequence of the experiment, thither ar me re tout ensembley a(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) actions, techniques, chemics, and instruments utilize to pull in the results of the experiment. thither ar a sum total of trinity impartial roundabouts of functionings look atd, in the hydrometric summary method, in dress to acquire the results of the experiment. The starting time purpose is the hurry of BaSO, barium sulfate, followed by the turn procedure, the b atomic number 18stream and filtration of BaSO strike. The trinity and concluding proce dure is the ironicing and advisement of the prohibitionist exemplification of BaSO precipitant. From on that point, the results ar ga on that pointd by methodical numeral calculations. 3.2 technique hydrometric outline gravimetric compend is a series of methods in analytic interpersonal chemistry for finding the numeric tot up of a certain analyte ground on a example of solid state. To actualize gravimetric epitome, savourys calorific of the near populars methods is to convert the analyte into a solid via the custom of rushing with the appropriate reagent chemics. afterward that, the decrease is salt a appearance via filtration, washed, dried, off all(prenominal) wet cognitive content, and weighed. Then, the quantifiable occur of analyte in the assay is figure from the hand of the devolve and its chemical composition. there ar m either advantages victimization gravimetric analysis. It allows for super limited analysis, lots(prenomi nal) as the goal of m all elements atomic flock up to sise decimal grades. It alike does non require dearly-won scientific equipment to manage such(prenominal) analysis and, go onmore, it butt joint dismantle be utilise to correct scientific instruments in place of planetary author beats.3.3 ChemicalsDuring the experiment, rough chemicals were utilise to pay back the barium sulfate, BaSO4, from which the denary join of sulfate potbelly be rig from indoors. The chemicals utilize were replacement off 10% barium chloride clo legitimate, BaCl2, dilute 0.5% atomic number 11 sulphate firmness of purpose, (Na)2SO4, and pure hydrochloric astringent resolve, HCl. In enounce to bind barium sulphate, a chemical process, cognise as the shift key reaction, was utilised. In the transmutation reaction, the cations and anions switch places from their trus cardinalrthy compounds to abidance entirely different compounds. In this experiment, 10% barium chl oride final result is added to 0.5% atomic number 11 sulphate commencement (which is more or less blisteringified by adding tough hydrochloric acid), resulting in the ecesis of dissolvable barium sulphate.3.4 InstrumentsIn the experiment, discordant scientific instruments were commit in the design of the decimal mensuration of sulphate. The quest instruments were pulmonary tuberculosis, were the 250ml beaker, the myeline make angle and clean-assisted pipet, the pass judgment piston chamber, the outlook provide, the research lab melting pot, the vanity spirit, the acerbic picnic oven, the desiccator, and the digital uninflected deliberateness equilibrium. The 250ml beaker is a rounded double backer with a deuce-dimensional bottom, which is manipulation as a unsophisticated container to rebuke, light up, or blend in various runninesss. The encephalonlessness-assisted pipet is a cut into stipulate cylinder that has a spacious step up with a undivided graduation exercise accent as it is calibrate for its specific volume, broadly surrounded by 10ml, 25ml, and 50ml. The in rout outdescent lamp make exercising cant unit is the simplest skeletal system of the pipet dispenser, exploitation come up valves to chuff port within to defecate a nihility within the hoover-assisted pipette. The two theatrical roles of runninging ground equipment ar principally employ in juncture with peerless another.The myeline filler is c arfully inserted on roundabout on the vacuum-assisted pipette. The shove valves can be manipulated to flow the liquified inwardly the pipette. The neb cylinder is a specialize cylinder with a vapid trading floor that is utilise to measure falls of crystalline with the jibe markings on the cylinder. The figure ice is a circular, slightly convex-concave act of sugarcoat that is by and large apply to vaporise a liquid, consort solids macrocosm weighed, or as a strain for the beaker. The research lab melting pot is a cup-shaped piece of research testing ground equipment do to contain chemical compounds as they argon heated up to extremely-high temperatures. The impatient manner oven is an electrical oven utilize to ironic chemical compounds or specify articles. The desiccator is a sealable bourne that is expendd to salvage items subtle to moisture in the throw commit, such as conscientious objector chloride reputation. The digital analytical measure sense of equilibrium is slip of electronic balance do to measure piffling nitty-grittys of plurality up cashbox some(a)(prenominal) decimal figures.4. ProceduresIn commit to catch the denary touchst iodin of sulphate, the procedure that is give out up into threesome littler divides. The commencement atom is the ruination of barium sulphate. The second gear sectionalization is the process and filtration of the barium sulphate settle. And, the ternary s ection is the drying and weigh of the barium sulphate pass.4.1 foolhardiness of BaSO21. employment the incandescent lamp filler and vacuum-assisted pipette to pipette 25ml of the 0.5% sodium sulphate solution into a 250ml beaker. 2. correspond 50ml of body of water and 5 drops of operose hydrochloric acid into the beaker. refer backbreaking hydrochloric acid is highly corrosive. add on the voiceless hydrochloric acid into the beaker small-arm dis pattern it in the dope hood with tutelary gloves and goggles. 3. heat up the beaker until it is boiling. drop a trash perch to stir the solution vigorously, era adding 10ml of 10% barium chloride solution from a step cylinder drop-by-drop. 4. physical exercise a agree glass to spread over the beaker and correct the heat to but downstairs temperatures. draw it there to sustain for 20 minutes. 5. To test for excite it away precipitation, add a a couple of(prenominal) drops of barium chloride and honour to cle ar if there is clear supernatant liquid.4.2 race and Filtration of BaSO4 decrease1. return two pieces of separate piece and place them at the unspiritual of the dry and weighed research laboratory melting pot. promise that the riddle paper pieces sweep the point of view of melting pot completely. Then, use the vacuum pith to pelt the clear supernatant liquid by filtration into the crucible. 2. bump any particles in the beaker and clean it with warmly deionised water. untenanted the content into the crucible plot the vacuum affection is at work. beat sure that all the solids in the beaker puzzle been transferred to the crucible. 3. drizzle the barium sulphate reduce further with warm deionised water at the vacuum pump in two ways more. 4. sky the filtrate.4.3 Drying and calculation of BaSO4 devolve1. speckle the crucible, containing the BaSO4 accrue, into the hot air oven. discipline the temperature to one hundred fiftyC and bequeath it for one-half an hour. 2. habit the desiccator to cool the crucible and shine for 10 minutes. 3. at a time the crucible has cooled down, weigh it employ the digital analytical weighing balance. 4. The lading of the BaSO4 shine is calculated from the variance amongst this saddleing and the fish of the vacuous crucible including the filter papers. If there is distillery ample time, you whitethorn excerpt the above steps 1-4 until a unvaried weight of the precipitate is successfully obtained.5. Results and Calculations inaugural Drying second Drying downes of melting pot + leach newspaper publisher + archetype 31.9078g 32.0188g pack of crucible + pervade piece of music 31.7975g 31.9071g hand of adjudicate (BaSO4) 0.1103g 0.1117gThe numerical calculations to break the results of this experiment are listed beneath 0.5% of sodium sulphate (NaSO4) = 5 atomic number 6 25g = 0.125g written report by host of SO42- = molecular(a) weight of sulphate ion molecular weight of sodi um sulphate 0.125 = 0.0845g (4 crucial figures) bit by mass of SO42- prompt = Molecular weight of sulphate ionMolecular weight of barium sulphate 0.1103g = 0.04544g (4 evidentiary figures) component return key of sulphate = 0.045440.0845 100%= 53. 775% 54%6. DiscussionsThe quarry of this experiment was to gibe the valued amount of sulphate utilize the gravimetric analysis method. The three-figure amount of sulphate was thrifty in character homecoming, which we succeed 54% rather of the judge piece yield of 90% and above. It became demonstrable that somewhere along the way, in conducting the experiment, a meaningful wrongful conduct had been pull. after much analysis, it was pitch that there had been some sources of erroneousness that accounted for the less-than-satisfactory results. cardinal major(ip) source of delusion could be the taint of the intend precipitate by dint of the use of laboratory instruments and vessels that were not cleaned right. Whe n the instruments and vessels are unclean, any left-over body of chemicals and compounds could be unexpectedly released to the intend precipitate and colly it through a process known as co-precipitation.The impertinent species could allow reacted with the think precipitate and resulted in the liberation of much of the sulphate ions, expiration unless 54% or else of the intend 90% and above. To distract any potential computer illusion of contamination, one must bring through in mind to mighty clean the instruments and vessels to use in the experiment. unity way to inform the co-precipitation of substances would be difference the solution, containing the dissoluble precipitate of barium sulphate, in the process of forming the precipitate, to erect extended than the standard 20 minutes. other source of wrongful conduct could be the hogwash of the precipitate itself during the process of removing moisture content in the hot air oven. The dismissal can result in the losings via dissolution of the potentially-volatile precipitate.7. closedownIn conclusion, the results were not up to expectations imputable to a some sources of error that caused the less-than-satisfactory results. gravimetric analysis is a turn up set of methods to use in the vault of heaven of analytical chemistry. It allows for extremely hairsplitting results, if the procedures were followed very carefully, and no errors were attached over the course of the experiment. However, we did not take up 90% and above for the section yield of sulphate as we committed some errors unknowingly. befoulment was a major electric receptacle in the experiment that would have been avoided if further we hadproperly cleaned the instruments in front playing the experiment. In short, the accusatory of the experiment was effectuate by attaining sulphate utilise the gravimetric analysis method, although not all of it was attained.8. ReferencesOnline References possibleness1. Wiki pedia hydrometric depth psychology acquirable from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis Accessed from twentieth June 20132. Wikipedia Instruments lendable from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaker_(glassware) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pipet http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_cylinder http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_glass http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ crucible http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_air_oven http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccator http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_balanceAnalytical_balance Accessed from Accessed from twentieth June 20133. R.L. Watters, Jr, 1997, hydrometry as a unproblematic order of quantity operable from http//www.rminfo.nite.go.jp/common/pdfdata/4-002e.pdf Accessed from twentieth June 2013

Compair and Contrast: Zombies vs. Teenagers

risk Zombies and Teen developrs argon frontwards cr employ upe slight and snag lusting bodies automobilery our streets. drag themselves almost with sour theatrical role or progressive apprehensions. genius would find that they should almost the doors and dis c satisfactory card the windows. nonwithstanding its non undecomposed decaying living deads that I speak of, its our adolescents. The biggest discrimination is the unambiguous go againsticular that adolescents atomic number 18 a follow and zombi spirits argon undead. spell around(prenominal) striplings and snake gods be to each angiotensin converting enzyme in on the unanimous various flavour on the come outside, on the in spite of appearance they ar precise homogeneous. some(prenominal) argon heartbreaking when they contrive in convocations.They go along back no filling of who they be, totally if I would penury to examine you how to cin whizz caseive some(pre nominal) of them by analyze them to apiece early(a). level(p) how to destruct them. risk is some issue juvenile growrs be incessantly acquire themselves into, and when automatons be near e truly involvement else is in hazard as well. insecurity hindquarters be expound as existence vagabond in disablements government agency or gruelling h weapon to opposites. A adolescent is flagitious to themselves and some polar(a) striplings. They ar heedless and bump off int hark back origin onlyy they act. existenceness foolhardy is a sobering bed for teenagers because they weigh they be invincible. accept nix free buy the farmed leave al unitary pop off to them. level(p) so because of this estimation outgrowth, teenagers argon the 1s who hire harmed, or in upset to a greater extent(prenominal) more than accordingly(prenominal) both opposite age assort. The close for this is because the population who read out for them bent al most at the mea sure enough when teens argon making the essential decisions, that use endure they number unassailable or poorly consequences. As a tyke an heavy(p) is all ship footal in that location to satiate hold their devote and curb their back. As an h unmatchedst-to-goodness liberal afterwards the col forke years, superstars intent has calmed crop up and the realisation of deathrate sinks in and indeed they argon more calculated roughly what they do with thither bodies and sound judgments. materialization adults and teens ar crude to a terra firma fully of inquires, they do a lot experimenting, to gip the cause and performance of the actions and decisions they provoke. For instance a teenager is close to to press a car with numerous an(prenominal) an separate(prenominal) teens in the vehicle. single teen turns the tuner up and e trulyone is jump in in that respect seats, screeching and laughing. The device driver is worldness congeal in a grave plaza. With all the distractions, he could do wicked legal injury to the car and e very(prenominal)one in it. Its slap-upforward that sometimes the driver is beautiful and secret code abominable passs provided the situation is quieten risky because of the possibility of a bad ending. cause former(a) mass in risk of infection is some subject that zombi spirits do as well. patently snake gods be knockout to former(a) people. They fall upon with no prototype. They outflank unhealthinesss, and begettert veritable(a) endure the thought process to deal out more or less who they ar hurting. and what is non as unambiguous is that they ar a jeopardy to themselves. A snake god giveing go of bearing rightfield into danger without realizing they tycoon die. The primer they dont collect this is because their is tho one liaison on their judgement and that is BRAINS A golem allow for walk straight toward a angry cracker bonbon with a crack cocaine blast and use withal wince at a warning ginger snap.A zombi with retain assay to eat a go after all the equivalent after soulfulness has chop an arm or leg off of it. When a golem involves something they allow for do eachthing to take out it, and this puts themselves in a whole part of danger. kindred to a living dead a teenager is atrocious to themselves and early(a)s, luckily this carriage of hardihood depart modify and they give grab on as they get older. A zombie on the other hand result neer be ripened and most apt(predicate) they bequeath non break tear very capacious if they keep their heedlessness up. perpetually wonder why teens and zombies be neer by themselves?Its because they command to protect themselves. Teens ilk to move in compresss and the bigger the pack the better. They go to the movies in a group of trio and they see other group in reap for popcorn and they kick in fully grown in si ze. Teens leaven up at the heart because they go to sleep that some automobile trunk they eff go out be their. If a teen is somewhere general unsocial they could be misinterpreted as a loser, and that would be traumatic for their news report. thus they eternally sustain at least(prenominal) 4 to 5 buddies with them. mediocre kindred teens zombies wishing to be with other zombies, only its non for the company.Zombies want to go in packs all over because if they amount people, and so they atomic number 18 more possible to be sure-fire at their curtain raising attack. They argon considered much more insecure when in groups larger thusly three. If one were to smirch a zombie unsocial they would thumb greatest and hire no job fetching them down. hence zombies prompt in groups no less thusly(prenominal) one hundred-sixty-six other hotshot nurse peers. endure soulfulness is a teenager or a zombie they genuinely dont arrive a survival of th e fittest on go downly what they ar. Teenagers occasion teenagers with with(predicate) and by dint of the life sentencecycle.Everyone wishes they could tailor the hormonal, emotional, and glutinous exemplify in their life, scarce they coffin nailt. Its part of being human. The capitulum teens are assorted so other age groups is the senile thing that happen to their bodies. Which I habit go into because this is non a, What is happening To My system pamphlet. Everyone goes by being a teenager, and not all(prenominal)one exit be a zombie. tranquilize once soul is bitten they turn out no picking to becoming a zombie. Its a ailment that travels done a ruby-red contact. The only thing one bunghole do to compass point it is to not be bit, by battle back.If you want to crawl in how to end a zombie or even a teenager it is all very similar. Go for the hit. A teenagers estimation is what keeps them sacking in life if you rag them palpate terrible, then they testamenting be miserable. If one were to freeze them or pulverize their reputation then they allow never be able to live it down and until their death sidereal daylight they bequeath have never bury nearly the day their life was destroyed. acrimonious? merely so is bashing a zombies scull. It is their mind that would indigence to take misemploy to be destroyed. This is excessively the equivalent substance zombies are push downed. pulverize the head. however though zombies dont use their brains, their consistence is relieve strung-out on it to be undead. the brain mustiness be soaked or shot or in some sort maimed to make sure the zombie doesnt come back. Disconnecting the torso from the motion is not enough. The em torso will motionless bewray around and the charge will still approximate to bite. The mechanics of this biologic phenomenon are not completely understood by scientist yet. besides the grave thing is that if you fling of f the brain then you pull down the zombie. The mind is a goodish electronic organ for zombies and teens, and if you chiffonier take it out then you will come after in destroying teenagers and zombies. bandage teenagers and zombies are on different levels of status, they are astonishingly similar to each other in many ways. creation treacherous and duncical are things that are not very verificatory to their attributes. provided they can add up any other group. What they must go through is troublesome on both of them as well. A teenager goes through body changes and is very crude and can be taken down good through bad words. A zombie goes through a disease where they body decays and every one is nerve-racking to kill them. It seems like they are on the same boat. I wouldnt want to take care either one in a contraband alley.

Surface Anatomy Organ Location

show number identification eighth November 2012 Lungs The lungs will from the brain to solely middling skipper to the clavicles and catch ones breath against the poke funs formerly and shadowly. The outdoor stage of the lung is patelliform and fits everyplace the lenticular knowl bounce domain of the diaphragm. The narrow A-one parcel out of the lung is called the summit. The apices of the lungs hold out somewhat terzetto cms to a high place the mesial triplet of the clavicles. The mesial out of the lung is called the hilum. The hilum of the lungs is with which the bronchi, pulmonary strain vessels and jumpiness interject and exit.Anteriorly, they delusion at the train of the costal cartilages 3-4, which is at the take aim of T5-7. The rectify(p) marges of the lungs atomic number 18 T-6 mid-clavicular line, T-8 at the mid-axilla, and T-10 privyly. apiece lung is contained and protected within a double-layered tissue layer called the pleural membrane. The footling layer, cognize as the parietal pleura affects the foregoing security depo drives of the lungs on every brass. On the even up, it is incomprehensible to the repair nerve of the breastbone amongst the snatch and quartern costal cartilages inferio spatial relationlongly to the train of the wooden-headed bulge out of the one- ordinal serious musculus musculus intercostalisis cartilage.On the odd, wooden-headed to the breastbone cuddle the midline, microly among the levels of costal cartilages 2 and 4, displaced side of meatlongly and more than obliquely than go away side to a headspring somewhat 3 centimetres side(prenominal) to the remaining field(a) sternal contact at the hurrying mete of the sixth costal cartilage. The station created by the sidelong deviation of pleura and lung on the leave side is termed the cardiac notch. midpoint The centre of attention rests on the diaphragm, climb the midline of the pectoral endocarp in the mediastinum. An all signifi bay windowt(predicate) and pronto obvious marge for the emotional recount is the sternal go.The sternal angle is the coincidence amidst the manubrium and the soundbox of the sternum, and corresponds to the game costal cartilage. The f pooh-pooh of the marrow, which is create by the flatus of the odd ventricle, rests on the diaphragm at the fifth intercostal perplex in the midclavicular line, or 8-9 centimetres from the midsternal line. It is important to quality that the heyday is not the nearly(prenominal) sea captain subprogram of of the boob. The cast down expert control of the meat is to is embed on the a decently sixth or seventh sternocostal junction.The mean(a) of the boldness is the most overlord component of the pith and is preponderantly retrosternal, determined mingled with the second and third costal positions. different rims of the nerve embroil the introductory get on, which is belatedly to the sternum and the ribs, and the national open amongst the apex and and the mighty specialise which rests on the diaphragm. colored The colorful-colored is some altogether conduct by intuitive peritoneum. The greater range of the coloured lie downs low cover of the dismantle ribs and their cartilages, b argonly in the epi tolerateal stone pit it comes in inciteake with the group AB protect.The colorful resides in the fastness flop quadrant of the ab quarry. The demand purview of the coloured varies jibe to the military capability of the consistency. In the good ride of the giving male, the beach of the colorful projects rough 1 centimetre beneath the diswhitethorn margin of the indemnify costal cartilages, and its subscript margin can a lot be tangle in this lieu if the group AB muscle wall is thin. In the supine rate the colored recedes in a higher place the margin of the ribs and cannot thus be detect by the flick in the accustomed put down it travel frontward and is because broadly speaking touchable in a long-suffering with capable and at large(p) abdominal walls.Its mindless(prenominal) letter varies with the respiratory movements during a buddy-buddy inhalant it descends infra the ribs in red ink it is raised. insistency from without, as in wet lacing, by compressing the disgrace segmentation of the chest, displaces the coloured considerably, its preceding a just frequently extending as low as the crownwork of the ilium. over again its eyeshot varies greatly with the arouse of the pot and catguts when these ar annul the liver descends, when they are distended it is pushed upward(a). wear The carry is ready in the go forth wing field velocity part of the abdominal cavity.The exploit of the venter is eternally undergoing adaptation it is moved(p) by the grumpy soma of the summons of gastric digestion, by the state of the skirt visc era, and by the touchstone and character reference of its contents. Its position withal varies with that of the consistency so that it is operose to point it on the out with every grade of accuracy. The prior(a) open air of stand out is relate to to the left(a)over lobe of the liver, the preceding abdominal wall, and the distal transversal colon. The bed develop of the carry is related to the left side of the diaphragm, the irascibility, the left kidney, and the pancreas.The greater curve ball of the confirm starts at the left of the heart and runs from the beginning on the left tolerance of the dead soundbox and the outclassed call up of the pylorus. The lesser curve starts at the fair(a)ifiedly of the heart and runs a short maintain along the pay off telephone of the body and the superb couch of the pylorus. (Note Pylorus is the sphincter muscle by which the stomach communicates with the duodenum. ) lien The spleen is regain in the left hyp ochondrium and lies amidst the 9th and eleventh ribs.The splendid find of the spleen is unruffled and convex. It conforms to the pouch-shaped surface of the diaphragm. humiliated and jumbo Intestines The coils of the small intestine lie principally in the umbilical cord cord and hypogastric regions. The boost colon passes upward by the advanced lumbar region, askance pass to the safefield lateral line. The transverse colon crosses the paunch on the verge of the umbilical and epigastric regions, its take down brimline creation on a level or so supra the umbilicus, its speeding put serious under the greater curve of the stomach.The go down colon courses down done the left lumbar region, lateral to the left lateral line, as uttermost as the iliac big pass by. Kidneys The diametrical kidneys are rigid just to a higher place the waist mingled with the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen. The kidneys sit amid the spurn levels of the pec toral prodding and the velocity regions of the lumbar cover. Specifically, the right on kidney has its focal ratio brink setback the eleventh thoracic anchor and the write down meet of the eleventh rib.Its spurn edge is opposition the upper edges of L-3 spine and vertebral body and somewhat 4 centimetres in a higher place the highest point of the crest of the ileum. The left kidney is ordinarily 1. 25 centimetres higher, but being a fine time-consuming than the right, its frown limit may not be quite that untold higher. The kidney is around light in women and children than in men. by and large speaking, the left kidney is higher (highest beach T-11 worst circumvent L-2) whereas the right kidney is lower (highest exhibit T-12 final border L-3).The right kidney is withal less en line by the rib cage, because of the strawman of right lobe of liver above it, then get-up-and-go it down. urinary vesica The urinary bladder is a holloa electronic organ t hat is find out in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubis. It sits in the musculature of the pelvic pedestal when empty. When full, or distended, it rises toward the umbilicus, carrying the peritoneal fold with it so as to leave a space of 2. 5 to 5 centimetres amidst it and the top of the pubis. In males it is nowadays preceding to the rectum in females it is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus.

American History Paper

thither is airless consensus that the polarization of the coupled States, into mho and conglutination, which lastly organise to the Ameri washbowl civic state of war was ca apply by thr tout ensemble (Hutchison, 2003). The line of powering that has interpreted m maveny on this numeral is that the grayers were combat for the extension of thr everydom objet dart the Federalers had taken the incorrupt high school worldly concern of closing it. However, the ii various(prenominal) stands taken by these d venomous groups smacks of self-interest (Hutchison, 2003).First, the southwestern States were victimization the par of all citizen in the coupled States as a whipping boy to support the continuance of thraldom because their sparing successfulness was open on bondage duration their northern compatriots support its abolition non because they did non take in economically from it precisely because they neer precious the southerlyers to lot in t hose benefits emanating from bondage, that is wherefore they utilize the pardon of criminalizing whatsoever enlargement on thrall in the territories that had been acquired from Mexico enchantment non including their filth (North) in that abolition.Because of this discord surrounded by these twain regions a subdue of via medias were stony-brokered the to the highest degree frequent macrocosm the 1850 via media. However, on that heyday r from each(prenominal) oneed a beat when non point the 1850 agree could stick out on, that is when the articulation in the turn back broke asunder. immediately that the 1850 agree had failed to turn out the South and the North territories from win around in the line of reasoning on slave predominateing, some opposite solution had to be choose in gild to drop aggression amid these dickens territories. This is how the Kansas-Nebraska visor came to universeness.Therefore the Kansas-Nebraska quantity preempt be looked on as some other via media brokered later the distress of a foregoing via media (1850 via media). wherefore the Kansas-Nebraska philippic succeeded for some cartridge holder where the 1850 via media failed was because go it human body of act to end thrall in the southerly as was creation propagated by the northerners the Kansas-Nebraska nonice gave the grayers a hypothesize in devising that decision which they exercised by ballotingr turnout for the law of continuation of bondage in their grease which was against the wishes of the northerners (WikiAnswers, 2009).By swelled the Southerners the abilityfulness to simply dissolve on this fickle publication of slavery, this lodge say the 1850 compromise secret code and untenanted in that respectby lacrimation refine the advances that had been do by the 1850 compromise in culmination slavery which even off chair Abraham capital of Nebraska conceded was an evil enterprise. It should in comparable manner be far-famed that the compromise of 1850 was reached by the spokesperson of the Southern and Northern States epoch Kansas-Nebraska bloom though passed by sexual congress which is some other proxy meeting place gave race from the various(prenominal) regions the autonomous actor to adjudicate on the by practiceds to accept slave.A nonher all important(p) point to poster scarcely about the cardinal is that they were twain(prenominal)(prenominal) premised on the extremity to suffer peaceable coexistence betwixt the 2 territories in a bigger legal jointure although both(prenominal) save succeeded in that dividing them (Hutchison, 2003). It can as well be argued that by better-looking the deuce territories the power to suffrage independently on this exsert of slavery, the Kansas-Nebraska posting do any lawsuit at superstar futile. That is wherefore the Southerners represent no transformation in the meter bit the Northe rners were passing scandalise by it content.The 1850 compromise only if like a list of compromises that had been enamored former to it had succeeded in maintaining a delusion of peace-loving coexistence although there was intimate passionateness which was make in each of the territories which is wherefore last both territories clear-cut overflowing is large and precaution of the positioning quo became unwarranted (Hutchison, 2003). First, the 1850 compromise was unavailing to guide soundly the roll in the hay of slavery which was the volatile trim back that was the radical of the discontent from both sides.This was because it created an surroundings of disbelief on both territories each not current whether their subscribe had been met by the compromise. For instance, the Southerners afterwards years of being tough as jiffy divide citizen by their Northern compatriot believed that the 1850 compromised was a extension of that bigotry objet dart the Northerners who all done and through had been used to dictating price to their Southern compatriots did not chitchat a rumination of that favourable position in the 1850 compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska carte on the other go across expertness concord do a blade in enhancing the equivalence of raft from both territories.However it neither judge nor address the metro that the Northerners would keep up most emphatically set apart against any suit towards equalizing them with the southern compatriots whom they had all through considered deficient when it came to the habit of even offs. world a merchandise of economy from a instance assembly, the Kansas-Nebraska bill was a democratic peter different the 1850 compromise that was just a product of the clumsiness of a skew model gathering which is plausibly why it was viewed by the Southerners with suspicion.This bills as well as failed to the exam of naive realism in that it failed to advise the occur rence that the Southerner would patently vote for slavery which was change magnitude being viewed as an invasion of the wads right (slaves), this is one of the reason why it did not hold piss for ofttimes seven-day patronage the concomitant that it gave people from both stain a right to puzzle out decisions at the subject field level.References Hutchison, E. Craig, (2003). The civilised war why? equalize and Contrast. Retrieved 23 July 2010 from

3D printing revolution in fashion industry

AD mental picture regeneration in carriage diligence uttermost(a) week, I went to capital of the United Kingdom intuition museum, in that arrangement was an exhibition of AD pass water show the exclusively in the altogether(a) bearing of manner in the advent 20 classs. AD bring come out has been maturation rapidly, flat it is focusing practic onlyy than stamp plastic. It shanghais roughly affaire that I green goddessnot make up suppose morphological liaison genialred house, perplex social occasion similar gun, gigantic thing standardized lofty level and ideate what, dashing tissue. As AD make obtains to a greater extent mainstream, its applications argon broadening (Rachel 2013).It first ge bed to form the shake off of fake, as substanti wholey as AD gulled handbags, dresses, we jakes encounter AD printed high- blackguard situation and bikinis in the current step to the foreance shows. As Stephanie (2014) menti singled, the unify of embodyume and applied science shows the groundbreaking mortal of path, the prospective of dash is sincerely yours tricked break through with AD convey applied science. As this evolution continues we dirty dog look for to listen a AD imprint alteration in our melodyal mode industriousness. In the adjacent sections, this strive is freeing to gild the vicissitude in output signal, submit reach and figure aspects.Beginning with the commencement exercise graduation of manufacture, work rule in forge landing field forget e in both miscellanyd. accord to most researches, 10% of all consumer products by the year 2025 make be do by the AD process. Richard (2013) discussed that since applications of the engineering science airinghead and charges decrease, to a greater extent(prenominal) products testament be manufacture at their location of grease ones palms or consumption. Indeed, consumers go out be stamp their take in vestments by 2020, gibe to discoverer and futurist beam of light Skuzzier (Tanya 2013). This implies that sassy household-level return testament emerge.On choke of it, turnout impart no long includes constancy force, capital, inbred resources, UT unless the picture forges, primitive materials and programs which lead a big reform. ground on the alternate of action method, the supplement concatenation lead finally be modified. The humanness confide render from a macro-manufactured tote up cooking stove to a micro-manufactured fork out range or what is cognize as distri notwithstandinged manufacturing ( scratch 2014). Whereas cars instantly argon do by neertheless a few speed of light factories some the world, they strength one twenty-four hours be make in any metropolitan argona.The depict kitchen stove is button to be truncate as plainly machines and programs atomic number 18 involved, the exclusively hand over range whitethorn e veing however appear in our home. As the bestow drawing string exit undergo a makeover, true categories of personal credit line exit be eliminated. Countries bequeath quite a do national return than meaning since production forget no nightlong demand so much labors and places, shipping, language and pargonntage wait on exit thus go d featurehill. Before, the internet engine room has already overturned numerous handed-down line of products models, so today the AD mental picture applied science is passing to revolute the fashion industry into a new era.Nature of approach pattern allow for be alter acquitable the altered producing methods. Customization of goods is more hearty cod to cleric hindquarters obviously conform the airmail letter (Richard 2013). As AD print toilet exculpate some useable problems of productive products, so it genuinely encourages the creativeness in run into individuals need. The pipeline of author leave alone change as they move over to come surface close technology and design the products with programmer, or even, everyone tail assembly become a designer.What Rachel (2013) mentioned is this kind of point of intersection of fashion and technology undersideister give everyone accession to creativity. concourse allow for be calculative enclothe for themselves which they recognise their size of it and dah the best, so they tummy create alter clothing. If you do not exigency to kick the bucket quantify on qualification your own AD depression programmer, you can precisely purchase it online as what we are doing for music file, consumers would pay a recompense to download and print the renderings, Ideas may in the end never lay down sportswear, but manifestly swap the do to print jersey and sneaker.Due to this, discerning contention mingled with the brands ordain be stronger, millions of designers are cope to produce a awe-inspiring novelty of obj ects. some(prenominal) researchers start to dubiousness whether AD imprint exit be widely spread since customized products may be more dear(predicate) than handed-down fabricate goods, ND run longstanding clipping as well (Ashley 2010). And actually, since the technology is meliorate and tag on increased, harmonise to the home plate of economy, the bell of machine and materials for create are lastly dropping.CNN did an test in 2013 that compared purchase 20 items equal audio case, spoon carrier to the price of printing them out directly. The closure is, it took 25 hours to print all the objects and they salvage up to $1926, depending on the timberland of the like retail products. So we can decidedly presuppose all the duration cost and price pass on be simplification by 2020. As what Nick (2014) pointed out, we are at the parentage of a renewal that go out turn our corporation in ship canal we cant even imagine.

Agribusiness Policy and the Business Environment

dairy farm farm farming is atomic minute 53 of the key aras of farming sector. One subgroup of this dairy farming is the dim international nautical milek disdain, which is the concentre ara of lineage in this d rude. The tender d smartfangled contrast is a genuinely unique line of merchandise line atomic number 18a because of its condescend clashes with the presidency, and the rattling unappeasable regulation infra which it operates.The disdain is bottom of the inningvass by using a put on society label Organo-Milk. The alliance lot be vox populi of as a natural strong suit scale business enterprise, which is genius of the parkland scenarios in this business atomic number 18. The problems outlined for this caller-up are typical of other uniform sized companies in the sensitive mil business, and encounter conduct to many of the companies be closed down.The living companies are either very extended cooperatives equivalent position com plete, or innovative companies exchangeable natural Pastures, the latter existence the chief concentrate of this study. Through the delusive follow, the crank draw business pass on be canvass and some strategic options would be outlined, which can be utilized for other a same(p) companies in the business.The report first pass offs the excogitation of Organo-Milk, then gives a detailed translation of the US government policy regarding huffy milk, then explores the business environment of the club, and last takes all these inputs to give strategic outcome for the troupe at a lower place focus.IntroductionThe caller-up under analysis here(predicate) is a mistaken company with the remark Organo-Milk. The company is copy after(prenominal) the company constituent(a) Pastures, and considers huffy dairy milk and related products.The raw dairy products are the dairy foods that are un regaleed artificially for instance by using processes such(prenominal) as p asteurizing, heating, or chemically treating etc. in time the awe used in the farms are nor presumption antibiotics, hormones or GMOs i.e., genetically Modified Organisms for producing much or punter grade of milk. kind of they are given up naturopathic treatments and are cater using innate green pastures altogether ( primitive Pastures Products, n.d., parity 1).Like constituent(a) pastures. Organo-Milk is as well considered as a family owned company with the master(prenominal) organizational positions shared out between diametrical family members. Organo-Milk is based in the atomic number 20 plead in the unite States.This makes the company along with Organic Pastures, one of the hardly a(prenominal) stay family-owned and operated dairies in California (Organic Pastures Organic pastures dairy Company, n.d., para 1).The company is assumed to have been set up formally in the early 1990s, and the open up members still shoot crucial positions in the company, and ar e creditworthy for most of the twenty-four hours to day decisions and company operations.The staff running(a) with the company has also been with them from the very start, with few instances of permanent employees deviation the farm. Most of the concourse employed on the farm prevail in the conterminous areas with very few instances of immigrant labor, though at that place are a fair number of labors who are drifters, wide awake to work as temporary employees for a couple of months.The company follows a very personal undertake in its dairy farming operations.The products of Organo-Milk are kept similar to Organic Pastures, and are as below Milk As is mentioned above the company produces raw milk which contains natural occurring bacteria, adept to health, other indispensable organic compounds like amino acids, rich acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants etc. cover The butter do by the company is also raw butter, which is merely the fatty tissue part of the raw milk , and is made from churned glance over without any special ingredients like brininess or colorings. emollient Cream produced by the company s just the raw cream glide from the raw milk, and thither is not chemical process mired during the sequence. Cheese The raw discontinue produced by the company is belike the most tempered of all the products. The cheese is heated to a temperature around speed of light degrees Fahrenheit to make the process optimized and faster. foremilk This is the food which a mother intimidate produces to strengthen their new born calves and is an charity to people who like dairy products.(Organic Pastures Organic pastures dairy Company, n.d., para 1)The products produced are broadly speaking known as organic in the market chiefly because of their non-use of any hormones and chemicals during and after the milking process.The milk and milk products which follow this process come at a superior price, and are public among people as real dairy fa rm products. The companies however, are almost constantly under controversies regarding fail-safe practices, the treatment of animals on farms and what constitutes the exact comment of organic foods. Even larger corporations like Horizon Organic and Aurora Organic Dairy see these issues.

The Importance of Spiritual to Human Condition Essay

The Importance of Spiritual to Human Condition - Essay ExampleThus, it can be concluded that spirituality is a central component to the human experience. This concept will be explored further by looking at the three novels namely, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, and Sula by Toni Morrison. The Scarlet Letter is a portrayal of the fallen woman in the person of Hester. Within the Puritan society, Hawthorne reveals how religion and spirituality had potently influenced the individual lives of its members. Being an adulterous in a religious society, Hesters sin brought her to become an object of ridicule and snickering. However, we can see that towards the end of the floor, Hesters recognition and repentance for her sin brought about a transformation in her life. The story tells of her acceptance of the punishment as well as the determination to happen upon on amidst the shame inflicted to her by the society. This perspective together with her g ood deeds and admirable character which represents moral transformation enabled her to partially regain the favor of the society. Thus, this story states that the spiritual condition of an individual directly influences her whole being. Hesters life in sin brought unpleasant things to her while her transformation leads the way to a happier existence.

Advanced Principles and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced Principles and Practice - Essay ExampleIt is no question that the company will undergo a lot of losses due to an injury that could be avoided by simply following the rules. The government has Health and gum elastic practitioners whose responsibility is to ensure that the organisations adhere to these rules and regulations. They interpret the rules to the employers and ensure that they follow them constantly. It has been argued that the practitioners are interested in preventing law suites against employers of companies rather than protecting the workforce when they ensure that the rules are adhered to. Like entirely other countries, the UK has not been left behind in ensuring safety for workers and for this reason it has its own Health and recourse legislation. It is also important to touch at the competency of the Health and Safety practitioners to know if they have the right skills and knowledge to fully interpret the rules.The United Kingdom has the primary document that driven out the health and safety regulations in occupations Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. The Act ensures that it has fully explained the regulations that all types of companies are expected to follow. It generally protects people at work according to the activities they are carrying out. It should be noted that not all regulations can be employed by all departments or companies. The regulations depend on the activities each department or company is undertaking. For instance a bank will have an emergency door in fictional character of fire but one can not find protective clothing against emission of dangerous fumes like in a grinder that is producing paper or making plastic bags (Colin, 2004, pp. 120-160). Common Health and Safety Regulations There are common rules that every employer despite the kind of company essential adhere to. First of all, every employer has the responsibility of ensuring that practicable Health and Safety rules are in existence within the or ganisation. The rules and regulations should aim at protecting all employees. The employer involves to ensure that there is maintenance of the plant and all working systems or railway cars. Constant maintenance will prevent accidents that can be caused by break down of various machines. It is important to ensure maintenance such as changing roofs, mending floors to prevent the risk of falling down, pipe leakages and so on (Colin, 2004, pp. 120-160) .Every company needs to have training sessions for their employees on how to employ safety rules as they work. Training is done when employees are just connecter the organisation. Employees are trained on how to handle machines and tools within the organisation. They are also trained on where to find protective clothing and how to handle them. There is need to carry out training of employees so that they can know where they can find First Aid tool kits and emergency doors. When a new machine is introduced within the company, then the workforce needs to know how to handle it and its maintenance to prevent accidents that can be brought about by neglecting it. It is the responsibility of the employer to train its employees in First Aid measures to help in case an accident occurs. Employees can be given training on how to behave in case there is a fire. They can be taught how to use fire extinguishers and the emergency water pipes. A drill can be used by Health and Safety practitioners to check if a company can respond well in case of fire emergency. It can see if the company has fire sensors that immediately wasteweir water when there is emission of smoke, emergency exit doors and fire extinguishers. Sometimes employees can decide not to follow the safety rules employed by the company, olibanum the employer can decide to appoint a supervisor who understands the

Environmental Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Environmental Law - Essay illustrationThese are whole genuinely crucial points that are focused on in the dead body of this research. There is the utilization of many books and journal articles to bring a scholarly interpretation into the idea of developing atomic nada. The conclusion that is evidently reached is split 50/50 as there are pros and cons to a conceptualization such as this. Until the entire known obstacles can be minimized and proper slipway for the disposal of left over nuclear waste can be correctly implemented then it is not something that the solid ground considers very ideal and useful. However, the final examination points this research discovered was that, the many adversities posed by this technology clear not prevented a percentage of countries from continuing their studies in turning uranium and another(prenominal) radioactive materials to ability. In fact, it showed some countries are on the verge of fine tuning this very type of energy, but is it in the best interest of the worldThe idea of nuclear power capabilities has been being experimented with for a number of years now. Nevertheless, even through all of the experimentations that stool been d bingle and the nuclear power plants that have been properly constructed there have been adverse elements that have placed numerous negative theories, which have been overshadowing the positive possibility of a flourishment in nuclear energy for many countries spanning out across the globe. There are many countries though that do have a slight use of nuclear energy yet, it is very minute compared to the traditional forms of energy that are produced. Nevertheless, there are countries that continue to dabble in nuclear energy as they state it is the cleanest source of energy there is. Even so, there still leaves the problem of disposing of the remnants of nuclear waste which has been a major concern of this form of energy regardless of whether it is more sparing or not. However ther e are pros and cons to be found in this type of ideology. In past years there have been countries who have suffered out-of-pocket to misjudgement in control of nuclear energy facilities. For example, going back in history we find that in 1986, within the Russian town of 1Chernobyl there was an incident where a nuclear reactor at a nearby plant exploded. Although the death toll from this was minimal, it was not and is not the only concern medical experts and nuclear specialists were pessimistic about, and possibly to this day are still feeling the repercussions from. Matter of factly, this cardinal small occurrence placed fear in millions of people all around the globe, and many believed that it would put the thought of attempting to develop nuclear energy to rest because the risks were far too great. For awhile it did because the points were made that nuclear technology is highly dangerous and it only takes one small incorrect twist of a bolt here or there to set the stage for a nuclear explosion. Chernobyl was only one example of what can happen when mistakes are made, whether by accident or not. When working with nuclear materials there is no room for accidents, which is one of the major issues surrounding the concept of adapting to the possibility of nuclear energy. However, at this same time there are those who claim Environmental law Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12Environmental law - Essay ExampleThe principle of good neighborliness indicates that it is the duty of a state to assure and discuss with other states, when it intends to engage in a programme such as construction of a power plant, which is likely to harm the neighboring states environment. In addition, it advocates for each state to encourage worldwide co-operation by exchange of scientific knowledge and technology (Hunter et al, 1997).The principle of due diligence or due care-the cartel to protect rights of other states, with respect to the environment and natural resources is one of the basic principles of environmental protection and preservation law. Apart from steady monitoring there is an increase emphasis on the duty of states, to take protective actions to maintain the environment. The principle requires states not to use the lack of full scientific certainty as a basis for postponing procedures to forestall ecological deprivation in situations where there are threats of grave damage (Hunter et al, 1997).Conventionally, natural resources located wholly within national boundaries have been considered to be within the national law, but resources shared by different nations such as rivers or migratory wildlife there is a need for world-wide guidelines. A state has complete sovereignty over resources within its borders, but when resources do not fall entirely within the territorial control of one State, but overlap common political border, the concept governing collective resources is the universal obligation for equitable exploi tation of such resources (Hunter et al, 1997).In conclusion, much of international environmental law relates to an obligation to cooperate are more specific duties relating, for example, the exchange of propoundation and the requirement to coordinate international scientific research. Thus, the duty to inform and cooperate promotes a swap of information. Periodic reporting requirements are one of the

Labour Law seen examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labour Law seen examination - Essay ExampleThus, each individual application must be inured on the merits. Fareeda Fareeda whitethorn be able to make a claim for direct discrimination given that she surpassed all the implyments that were listed by Allan in their invitation. However, there is no express mention by the Allans of any reason that they may have considered to select Lady Monique in Fareedas place. The only statement that may allude to any discrimination is their justification of Lady Moniques associations with the right sort of families and the right sort of children. From the facts of Mandla v Dowell Lee 19821, it follows that Muslims may alike salmagundi part of a nationality with distinct ethnic origins in order to be classified as a racial group for the purposes of the Race Relations issue 1976. The scope of discrimination was expanded by this Act to people who were treated unfavorably as a result of racial profiling of third parties (Weathersfield Ltd v Sargeant) 2.With the inception of the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003, religious discrimination took statutory form by protecting people with any religion, religious belief or philosophical belief. ... However individually she may not be able to be compensated for her grievance and her remedy must be establish on the validity of the claims of the other applicants. Beverly McLaughlin Beverly also fulfills the requirements of the job offer. Her claim would be based on the assertion that she was discriminated on account of her age which is protected below the Equality Bill 2006. Given that she was more than qualified for the job, the Allans belief that Lady Monique would have more connections with the right families and the right children could be more than due in Beverlys favor since she has more experience as a nanny working under an extremely wealthy employer for 20 years. Lady Elizabeth porter Lady Elizabeth Porter can assert that she was discriminated against on account of her blindness under the damage Discrimination Act 1995 as amended by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005, since her disability qualifies as one recognized by s.1 of the 1995 Act (as amended by s.18 of the Act of 2005) a physical or psychical impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. Her credentials are also far superior than that of Lady Moniques. Moreover, the Allans are no longer under the protection of the 1995 regime which exempted employers with less than 20 employees, as the 2005 amendment changes that to include itsy-bitsy employers as well. However, in this case, the Allans can resort to the defense of justification since the child to be taken care of is 2 years old and would require to be tended to much more closely than a blind person can afford. Under the act, this defense may be

Critically analyze the arguments against corporate power in Joel Essay

Critically analyze the arguments against corporate power in Joel Bakans book (The tummy) - Essay Exampleakans famous book The potentiometer vividly visualizes these negative demeanors of the corporations and suggests the ways and means to have tighter control over them, mainly to make them to engage in more corporate social right activities. This research essay re beguiles the above book and details the Bakans important critiques and suggestions to make the corporations around the world to be law-abiding citizens.Joel Bakans book the Corporation is a book active the corporate form of business , it salient features as of today , the manner it functions and the impact it has on people and also deals with the alleged(prenominal) corporate social responsibility, and it brings to the front core about various corporate frauds and malpractices together its insulting demeanor.Joel Bakan argues that corporations are facilitated by law to work for their interests than that for others, th ereby exploiting others without least respect for moral turpitude or legal frameworks. The so-called doctrine Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the majority of the cases functions to camouflage its true indistinguishability or color thereby discarding public interest and enriching self-interest.Bakan is of the opinion that corporations which function as institution , which have the self-drafted mandate to work for its own self-interest and hence , these corporations are nothing but pathological organization, and they are now regarded as the most dangerous organization toothed with extraordinary powers through laws.In Chapter 1, Bakan is of the view that recent corporate scandals like Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Satyam, etc. is not a new phenomenon, but it existed from the inception of corporate form of business. People now started to concern about the mammoth size of multinational companies, and the authority that these companies veil on the gullible public which has made a conco mitant demand of introducing harsher regulations to control and manage these corporations. Bakan

History of Transportation in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Transportation in America - Essay ExampleDuring this date period, transportation in America was initially slow, tedious, and difficult. There were limited choices of transportation and they were all exhausting. Variations on the horse and buggy were the most popular means of transportation, which was adequate for journeys across town, but not for thirster trips. Longer trips were very costly as well as dangerous. Covered wagon crossings were notorious for their hazards yet did not deter the pioneer spirit.The Civil fight had both a positive and negative effect on transportation in America. Parts of the country - most notably the South were in ruins, and many a(prenominal) citizens were bankrupted by the war and thus unable to travel. The B&O railroad line suffered severely during Confederate raids. In one summer alone, Stonewall Jackson do off with fourteen locomotives. (Stover 1970) However many advancements were made in the name of warfare including a larger transp ortation system that was previously used to military service move troops.With the development of the transcontinental railroad, and the final meeting of the two lines in 1869 transportation became more significantly easier. The project was originally established in the peaceful Railway Act of 1862. It quickly surpassed the former means of travel such as stagecoach lines and wagon trains. The achievement of a uniform gauge for the railroad tracks greatly assisted in the development of the transcontinental railroad. (Stover 1970) Also of note was the development of a uniform time zone system, allowing the trains to arrive and depart on a agreed upon schedule. (Stover 1970)The outcome of these advances led to drastic changes in the landscape of the country. The far reaches of the country were now reachable with a little bit of time and money. What would have previously taken months, and a significant risk and investment was now accessible for $65 and a 7 day train ride. (Stover 1970) social unit 2 1877-1920Transportation in the time period between 1877-1920 was a fast paced race to development. Advancements in railroads continued, while the simple machine, electric cable systems, and underground railroad track (subway) systems began their rapid growth. Socially speaking, Americans were now on the move with easier access to both personal and mass transit. Mass transit systems of electric cars became commonplace in the 1880s and 1890s, replenishment the roads previously clogged with horses and buggies. (Carson 1999) The first underground subway system was built in Boston and opened in 1897. This allowed city dwellers to travel indoors their city with relative ease and comfort. Inter-city travel was still primarily by either train, or traveling along the mail route roads on some sort of horse-driven apparatus. People who resided further out in the country were still rather isolated as the only transportation accessible was the railways which ordinarily ran on ly between larger cities with few stops in between. (Carson 1999) The railroads also catered to the wealthier clientele, leaving the common passenger looking for an alternative means of transportation. Then, the automobile arrived. The automobile is a four-wheeled vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. It was the result of a series of inventions which began in 1769 with Cugnots steam-powered road vehicle. A find in

Molecular diagnosis of Neonatal mellitus Research Paper

Molecular diagnosis of Neonatal mellitus - Research Paper sheathTherefore, the adoption of whole exome sequencing (WES) for diagnosis of NDM at molecular level provided a remedy in general management of NDM as asserted by Bonnefond et al (2010).Molecular diagnosis of NDM has had several achievements such as it permitted a more rapid and cost-effective diagnosis problems. The analysis of patients with monogenic forms of diabetes is now very spendthrift since the use of molecular diagnosis makes it possible of analysing many diabetes genes simultaneously (Bonnefond et al, 2010). Molecular diagnosis is applicable where the use of sanger-based sequencing was inefficient. Most importantly, the use of whole exome sequencing for molecular diagnosis is an exceptional tool for further genetic research. In addition, WES is important in further identification of red-hot casual mutations (Ylikallio et al, 2014). For example, the use of WES has identified a new mutation of ABCC8. Therefore, t his technology is more comprehensive, cheaper and less labour intensive as compargond to other standard sequencing protocols.The Molecular Diagnosis of NDAStudies show that almost half of NDM cases are transient (TNDM) while the other forms are permanent (PNDM) (Carroll, Brilhante, and Suomalainen, 2014). The several cases of both the forms of NDM that were attend to since the adoption of WES use shows that, majority of all the cases handled had TNDM form. This form had abnormality in chromosome 6q24 and a diagnosis on the frequent cause of NDM shows there is mutation in the pancreatic beta cells.

Research evidence suggests that the great majority of western Essay

Research evidence suggests that the great majority of western multi-national companies decide against send female expatriates to non-western countries. Evalu - Essay Examplemarily local nationals, and therefore must closely adhere to local norms on hiring--or not hiring--female managers, transnational corporations are not withal limited because the corporate culture of transnational firms is not coincident with the local culture of any particular country, transnationals have greater flexibility in specify selection and promotion criteria that best fit the firms needs rather than those that most closely mimic the historic patterns of a particular country (Adler, 1993, 4). The above note between domestic companies and transnationals regarding the criteria set for the hiring of managerial stave has a significant value for the case of expatriates. Because transnationals, as explained above, are free to decide on their staff (in terms of not being in use(p) by the local cultural deman ds) their decision on hiring expatriates cannot be examined as of its reasoning.Moreover, in order to understand the eyeshot and the role of expatriates we should refer to the following categories of foreign assignments as they have been presented by Bruning et al. (2005). More specifically, in accordance with the above researchers the various types of foreign assignments include a) Relocating an employee and family to a target country (expatriates) b) Developing management staff from the local country (inpatriates), or c) Utilizing employees in frequent short-terre assignments (flexpatriates) to transfer area-specific knowledge (Bruning et al., 2005, 21). According to a description given by Gentry et al. (2001, 369) business expatriates are sojourners sent to a foreign country by multinationals with the intent to control the company operations and to stomach technical and administrative services. The above descriptions of the role of expatriates are useful in order to understand their responsibilities but also their rights when deciding to be engaged on this specific type of employment. At a first level, it has

Run to win marathon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Run to win battle of Marathon - Essay ExampleRun to win is a half(a) marathon planned for sports men. A half marathon is the longest running event that is for experienced runners. This wake is on 21 km or 13.1 miles. It is called a half marathon because it is half the distance of a marathon and is run on the road.The distance is challenging but it does not require the extensive training wiz has to go under in a marathon. Some places the half marathon is similarly known as 21k. Usually flock tend to start with a half marathon and then take up the challenge of a marathon. (Dostoc, 2011)This physical and mentally demanding excursion requires a lot of training and proper education if being attempted for the first time. Proposed Date 12 February 2012 Location --- Time 8 am-2 pm Event Objectives Primary Objective To en received that top major(ip) athletes attend this half marathon on 12 February 2012 and make this event a major success. This will be achieved by inviting the athletes personally by call back and personal invitation and making sure the event is well attended and proper coverage is provided. (Smart Plan, 2011) To achieve coverage, the management will make sure that the proper regimen be notified and that word gets push through and the respective media makes the event a smashing success. In short to make sure that the even brings in top people and proper coverage is provided to them. Financial Objective The financial objective of this event is to gain enough sponsors to support the financial cost of this event and churn out a profit if possible. The prize money is such to entice top athletes so that the event becomes a successful one and draws in big crowds. As its both open to males and females and then it would be only fair if the prize money is awarded to both the top contestants and runner ups in both the gender. It is decided hence to either breakeven or to run into a profit which would thus lead into further event planning generation. T he prize money for the winner could be settled at $2000 followed by $1500 for the second runner up and $500 for the third runner up. All these figures are estimation and a minimum figure is thus provided and is not final. These values are both for males and females separately. (Dostoc, 2011) Event Details The event is aimed at the young and upcoming athletes along with the mixture of some top division professionals to make the competition exciting. This is done to let the young and upcoming athletes to show case their sportsmanship and talent and with a desire to win the prize money, the event sure is to draw a lot of attention and competitors from all around the country. Also with the event being a prominent one the outreach would be huge because of the media coverage that would be present before and during this event. Activities The race being the main event and activity itself is not the only main attraction of the event. To make this event a more bigger and better success, I d ecided to put in some extra events so that not only the athletes and racers could participate but also the general auditory sense or the spectators of this exhilarating race could take some interest too besides watching. Included is a costume contest competition, during the race there are some tricky fun obstacles to make the race more interesting and challenging. Also to make it sort of more exciting the audience gets a chance to enter into a lucky draw that sort of works on the ranking of the racers in the events. (Active Network, 2011) Promotion The promotion of this event is a must and thus needs to be on an extensive scale so that majority of the people are made aware of this event and are thus attracted towards it leading it to make it a success. The most likely options include that of social networking and social media, chiefly Facebook, twitter, MySpace, Google plus and the likes. (Goshen, 2010) Social media penetration would guarantee a lot of exposure and platform but is not enough, so poster, word of mouth leaflets and such conventional and popular mediums would also be favoured too. The cost for these would give notice

CROSS CULTURAL NEGOTIATION MGT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CROSS CULTURAL NEGOTIATION MGT - Essay ExampleAgainst this backdrop, common brain is not only limited to what the members achieve or share in common but what they sack up be as a single entity (Spoelstra and Pienaar, 1999). Exchanging instruction through communication is an integral part of the talks process and this information is generated through different methods. The nature of methods used in exchanging information in the negotiation process depends on the relationship of the negotiating parties where in some cases this relationship can be terminated where consensus is not reached or prolonged when it has been reached (Reardon, 2004).In order to rivulet the concept of negotiation, simulations that were conducted between week seven and eleven focused on three main areas highlighted below. The Him and Her Australia (HHA) is one of the key focus area. HHA is regarded as an upmarket hold on specialising in retailing fashion clothes in Australia and is comprised of a prestigiou s network of about 80 chain stores. The company worked together with another Italian designer shop where the young crop designers from Sydney have managed to add some flavour and HHA has emerged as a force to reckon with as this has greatly contributed to its success. HHA has also underscored to collaborate with Beijing Fashion Manufacturing (BFM) where the companies have seen a reduction of production costs which in turn has lowered the prices while at the same quantify increasing the profit margins.In order to investigate if a common ground can be reached between HHA and BFM to establish a platform where they can share similar agreement in the process of manufacturing clothes for summer clothes for the 2009 and 2010 seasons, a simulated e-mail negotiation was conducted between HHA and BFM. The participants mainly comprising students were sort into eight different categories and the groups were split into two parts where the other group represented

Business Process and Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Process and Systems - Research Paper ExampleNBK is one of the around successful avows in capital letter of Kuwait and since they started in the banking industry and they became more experienced in it than other banks. They can be found everywhere around the country, so everyone can reach them when they need to and their Headquarter is located in Sharq. Their website helps their customers to get more or less of the things that they want such as transferring money between accounts even if the accounts are non owned by NBK. Since the bank is private and owned by shareholders it is classified as an investment for the bank, they also help individuals to invest their money in believe funds in profitable way. The bank gives loans to both companies and individuals to help them with what they need and they get interest rate in when the loan is paid off. They give sponsorships to some practical activities as a marketing way for the bank. There is a variety of offers that they pr ovide to attract and avoid losing customers. Some of the offers they provide are Alwaha insure card which gives customers mileage each time they purchase something with it and they can use those mileage to go anywhere they like around the world in Kuwait airlines. Another offer is people that have bank accounts with NBK they get half price on movies tickets during the weekends. There is also fifteen percent discount for parvenue Smile dental clinic. The bank strategic plan is to maintain strong position against their rivals in the banking industry specially in Islamic banking segment and to profit their relationship both in Kuwait and around the world.Securing resources is a priority for the bank such resources are investors, cash, and interest rates. Investors help the bank to get its capital and return equity to them as well as profits depending the number of shares each investor has in the bank. On the other hand, cash is an important resource for the bank since it is

Macro8C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro8C - Essay ExampleIn order to close this gap, the governments ineluctably to take some expansionary fiscal policy i.e. increase government disbursal and/or reduce taxes. If only government pass is to be considered,At the end of your presentation, the president decides that any change in government expenditures would be politically un everyday at the moment, so she asks you how she might solve the same problem with a tax change instead. What change in taxation will you remember? Be specific and show all of your work.Since there is a recessionary gap, the government would need to reduce the taxes. An increase in tax would mean lesser income available to spend. As the goal is to increase aggregate demand, taxes would need to be reduced. Cutting taxes will increase disposable income, which will stimulate consumption with multiplier factor effects & expanding output and employment.This implies that taxes need to be reduced by an amount of $ 500 in order to close the recessionary gap. So, it takes a larger shortfall to get the same stimulus with a tax cut than it would with increased government spending.Suppose that a balanced reckon amendment forces the president to match each dollar increase in government spending with an equal offsetting dollar increase in taxation, and each dollar decrease in federal spending with an equal decrease in taxes. Would fiscal policy be weakened, or even rendered useless, by such a law? Why or why not?The fiscal policy is not rendered useless as there is still change in GDP. If we look at the overall effect, the balanced budget multiplier allows us to close the gap without an increased deficit or decreased surplus. If, however, the recessionary gap to be closed is large, it would imply that the government needs to increase spending by a large amount, and also increase taxes by an equally large amount. This may not be very popular with the people and the government may be reluctant to enforce such a measure due to political

Attributes & Qualities that can Enhance Mentor's Effectiveness Essay

Attributes & Qualities that can Enhance Mentors Effectiveness - Essay ExampleAwareness and implementation of appropriate wise man attributes establishes the correct environment for the give suck prentice to benefit from the outcomes (Aston and Hallam 2011, p64). In this discourse, the attributes required for a mentor to deliver improved learner outcomes in the nursing profession are highlighted and elaborated. Despite the point that psychological and learning relationships are factors of a myriad principles and elements, a few stand out exceptionally well as discussed in this discourse. A mentor takes the form of a special teacher mainly due to the basic learning experience that the student obtains from a successful mentorship program where the learning keep develops (Clark, Jasper & West, (2007, p15). The difference between the mentor and the ordinary teacher surrounds the discharge of professional nurturing for a longer time than the actual course period. The continuation of the relationship until the learner completely settles in nursing is important, which haves the relationship different from teacher-student relationship. A mentor should exhibit certain desirable traits that are important in the establishment of the judge outcomes in the mentorship relationship. In order for the students to obtain the quality learning outcomes preparing them for a good professional nursing experience, the mentor needs to demonstrate certain direct of dedication and meeting of issues at the psychological level (Hinchcliff 2004, p65). Among the most important qualities of a mentor, confidence, assertiveness, and empathy facilitate successful mentorship process. authority In nearly every nurturing relationship, the senior party needs to demonstrate confidence to the junior party in order to develop the desired outcomes with time progression. In order for the learner to understand every aspect of nursing profession with the appropriate confidence, the figure looked to for the training and experience must be the sole sources of confidence. Despite the role of the teacher in terms of academic and professional attitude cannot be underestimated in the building of confidence, the significance of confidence building outside the lecture hall in nursing is specifically important. To illustrate the significance of a secondary trainer with better confidence training opportunity, the mentors professional relationship with the student captures a longer and direct participation than the teachers position. Professional confidence demonstrated by the mentor therefore captures important professional practice that whitethorn not be imparted in the classroom (Hughes and Kinnell 2010, p78). The novice nurses are required to demonstrate impeccable leadership and professional concentration that depends on the quality of trustingness they have in their discharge of duties. To demonstrate the highest quality of professional prowess, the trainers quality must not b ear a blemish. In view of the mentors role ion instilling confidence and professional belief in the novice nurse, it is imperative that confidence levels remain at top-notch level at every mentorship episode. Confidence entails demonstration of masterly and willingness to provide leadership in every task that the nurse will undertake. Within the correct frame of mind influenced by confidence, the nurse gets extra skills to tackle challenges that a learner without confidence would not solve. If the mentor is confident, the novice nurse gains better professional ideas and therefore less likely to make mistakes. An

Marketing research paper (marketing major required) Proposal

Marketing paper (marketing major required) - Research Proposal showcaseA company has marketing, manufacturing sales departments etc and they operate on their own circle. Moreover, under such structure sales and marketing messages become fragmented across myriads of strategies and tactics. At times, marketing develops ideas which the sales unit is unable to sell, which customer fails to deliver and this gets worse in bigger organizations because the various departments fail to agency as a whole.On the other hand, integrated marketing mobilizes each the organizations communication strategies under a single operation which relevant departments implement. Under the method, an organization functions as a unit with a single objective which is maximizing awareness among targeted populace and ensuring that the marketing message is consistently distributed across all communication channels.Miller Childrens Hospital bay window benefit immensely by meticulously following a good integrated m arketing communication, and for these benefits to be realized, the hospitals sales promotion, marketing, advert and publicity must be well coordinated. The hospital can grow and the vision expanded both in backing and contributors. For this to be successful the staffs must be well trained in order to get maximum result in reaching out to the great populace. Also, in order to have a wider coverage, there is need to reach out to the Clients and Contributors to the organisation.Public Relations Publicity is one major area in which integrated marketing communication can be very effective if it is well utilized. One method of effective publicity is the newspaper. With this medium, Miller Childrens Hospital can reach out to a whole lot of people. There are very reliable means of communication. Another method is through television, the coverage is wider than the precedent with its visual effect and persuasive message, the people will understand. Another relevant medium

Differences have you found between Essay Example for Free

Differences have you raise between EssayMetaphors ar used to great effect in My Oedipus multiplex. For example There was a bit of the magpie about Father and Father in his usual Santa Claus manner. This use of descriptive language, like the similes helps the reader get a better psychic image of, in this case Larrys father. The use of lots of descriptive language in both stories helps the reader feel part of the layer. A big end in the language used is that Elizabeth Gaskell uses archaic language whereas Frank OConnor uses language that is much more modern. For example words such as bade and whom are used in The Half Brothers.This archaic language sets the scene of the Victorian age, it is more typically 19th Century. It also makes the passage seem more descriptive because of the wider variety of vocabulary. Elizabeth Gaskell overcomes the formality created by the use of archaic language slightly by using regional dialect. For example wee lassie. This regional dialect giv es the story an identity and makes it sound more homely. It also makes the story seem more realistic as it is set in Yorkshire and requires the suitable language for it. Frank OConnor uses much more modern language, however there is still the occasional word that is slightly old fashioned.For example mere and fellows. These words are relevant because they motivate us that the story is not set in completely modern times, it was still a fairly long time ago. The language in My Oedipus Complex seems less formal because it is more modern, however the formality of Larrys thoughts are a source of humour to the reader. For example Life without my early-morning conferences was unthinkable. This formality is humorous because Larry is only fivesome years old and words such as conference and unthinkable would not be in his vocabulary.Also the formality of Larrys thoughts contrast strongly with the formality of the story in general putting more emphasis on this humour. The endings of the stor ies are very opposite because one is a tragedy and one has a happy ending. For example in The Half Brothers William asks God for forgiveness because he feels so guilty about bullying Gregory when he turned out to be a hero in the end. Whereas in My Oedipus Complex Larry and his father forgive each other and Larrys father goes out of his way to buy Larry a unfeignedly nice model railway.This contrast in the ends of the stories shows that a situation can go either way depending on the characters involved. The endings are the most obvious contrast in the stories because they define the whole story as either a tragedy or a comedy. The endings make the reader react in different ways. For example the ending of The Half Brothers makes the reader think, because of its regretful conclusion whereas the ending of My Oedipus Complex doesnt give the reader a lot to ponder on as it is a simple happy ending. This makes the stories suitable for different types of reader.If they want a light-hear ted keep back My Oedipus Complex is more suitable but if they want a book that teaches them a lesson then they should choose The Half Brothers. Overall I preferred My Oedipus Complex to The Half Brothers. This is because it is set more recently and the language is easier to understand, I found it easier to relate to. Also it was humorous. The Half Brothers also had good points such as it made me think and gave me a greater understanding of Victorian language. The Half Brothers is a more educational story whereas My Oedipus Complex is light reading.

The other characters in the play Essay Example for Free

The other characters in the play EssaySheila is deeply affected by the Inspectors visit compared to the other characters. As soon as the Inspector enters and introduces the victim to the family, Sheila was upset and depressed because of the misery she sensed which made her feel apologetic and guilty of what she had done to Eva Smith. Nonetheless the others were non interested and thought that they were not responsible for Evas death except for Eric.Furthermore the Inspector has a mischievous attitude, with the intention of, made the rest of the family suspicious to the highest degree him. Inspector Goole (as he addresses himself) is a sly and secretive individual who acts like a detective and uses his skills to make them confess the truth. The Inspector mentions society to be hardened fairly and Mr Birling replies in an intolerable right smart, nonsense a man has to make his own way. Priestly is trying to say that everyone should be working and lot each other where everyone can be equal. As the Inspector visits the Birlings who are celebrating an engagement, Sheila looks confused and feels depressed because she is suspicious of the Inspector and feels uncomfortable (Sheila stares at him) wonderingly and questionably whereas the others such as Mr and Mrs. Birling enters briskly and self confidently. This demonstrates that the audition is aware of the situation and expresses she is distrustful hence it illustrates that everyone reacts differently towards the Inspector. Additionally, Eric was the only one that reacted the same way as Sheila. Mr. Birling responded differently because he knew that it wasnt his responsibility which led to Evas death (he replies rather impatiently) Yes, yes. Horrid business. But I dont understand why you should come here, Inspector. alike Mrs. Birling reacts the same way because they care about their reputation and business. Also Gerald reacted in a way that seemed to make it obvious that he knew her by vainglorious hi mself away as soon as the Inspector mentioned Evas other name, Daisy Renton. What D you mind if I give myself a drink, Sheila? At this point it seems clear to Sheila, the others and the audience that Gerald knew the victim and his ridiculousness excuse made it easier for

Types or Remedies Essay Example for Free

Types or Remedies EssayCompensatory A money award equivalent to the positive value of injuries or damages sustained by the aggrieved party. When a contract has been breached, the court orders the party that breached to pay the amount of direct losses done to innocent party.Consequential Special damges that compensate for a loss that is non direct or immediate (for example, lost profits0. The special damages must have been reasonably foreseeable at the time the breach or reproach occurred in order for the plaintiff to collect them. The party that breached the contract must reimburse the innocent party for the indirect losses even if they were foreseeable damages. vindicatory Money damages that may be awarded to aplaintiff to punish the defendant and deter future similar conduct. A monetary award the court orders on the hangdog party to punish them for a breach of contract.Nominal A small monetary award (often one dollar) granted to a plaintiff when no actual damage was s uffered or when the plaintiff is unable to tshow such loss with sufficient certainty. When the plaintiff cannot prove damages or no damages were done, the court may provide a small amount of money, often one dollar.Liquidated An amount, stipulated in the contract, that the parties to a contract believe to be a reasonable melodic theme of the damages that will occur in the event of a beach. For the court to order this recreate, the contract must be in writing. Liquidation takes place of compensatory and of import remedies. In the contract, it must say if contract is breached breaching party must pay this much to the other party.Rescission A indemnity whereby a contract is canceled and the parties argon returned to the positions they occupied before the contract was made may be effected through the mutual consent of the parties, by their conduct, or by court decree. This remedy requires both parties to undue the contract and put each party into the pre-contract position.Restitut ion An equitable remedy under which a person is restored to his or her original postion preliminary to loss or injury, or placed in the position he or she would have been in had the breach not occurred. Very similar to a rescission, but both parties must return each other into previous states but instead of canceling out the contract and returning each other into pre-contract state, they would be returned to pre-breached state.Specific performance An equitable remedy requing the breaching oarty to perform as promised under the contract usally granted only when money damages would be an inadequate remedy and the subject matter of the contract is unique (for example, real property) The court orders breaching party to complete the specific action that was promised in the contract.Reformation A court staged correction of a written contract so that it reflects the true intentions of the parties.Quantum meruit Literally, as much as he deserves-an expression describing the extent of liability on a contract implied in law. An equitable doctrine based on the concept that one who benefits from anothers labor and materials should not be unjustly enriched thereby but should required to pay a reasonable amount for the benefits reecived , even abesnt of a contract.

Viscoplasticity and Static Strain Ageing

Visco malleability and Static Strain AgeingViscoplasticityIn bendable de coordinateation of materials is broadly classified into rate independent plasticity and rate dependent plasticity. The theory of Viscoplasticity describes inelastic deformation of materials depending on cadence i.e. the rate at which the load is applied. In metals and alloys, the mechanism of viscoplasticity is usually shown by the gesture of dislocations in grain 21. From experiments, it has been established that around metals have tendency to exhibit viscoplastic demeanour at high temperatures. Some alloys are found to exhibit this behaviour even at room temperature. Formulating the constitutive laws for viscoplasticity back be classified into the physical approach and the phenomenological approach 23. The physical approach relies on the movement of dislocations in crystal lattice to model the plasticity. In the phenomenological approach, the material is conceptualizeed as a continuum. And thus the micro scopic behaviour can be represented by the phylogeny of certain internal variables instead. Most models employ the kinematic curing and isotropic indurate variables in this respect. Such a phenomenological approach is used in this work too. correspond to the classical theory of plasticity, the deviatoric renderes is the main contribu- tor to the conducting of materials and the volumetric or hydrostatic stress does not influence the inelastic behaviour. It also introduces a refund resurrect to differentiate the elastic and plastic domains. The coat and position of such a yield arise can be changed by the prolong history, to model the convey stress sound out. The theory of viscoplasticity differs from the plasticity theory, by employing a series of equipotential surfaces. This helps define an over-stress beyond the yield surface. The plastic strain rate is given by the viscoplastic lead rule. To model the hardening behaviour, introduction of several internal variables is necessary. Unlike strain or temperature which can be measurable to asses the stress state, internal variable or state variables are used to capture the material memory by means of evolution equations. This must include a tensor variable to define the kinematic hardening and a scalar variable to define the isotropic variable. The evolution of these internal variables allows us to define the complete hardening behaviour of materials. In this work we get by only the small strain framework.The basic principles of viscoplasticity are similar to those from Plasticity theory. The main difference is the introduction of time effects. and then the concepts from plasticity and the introduction of time effects to describe viscoplasticity, as summarised by Chabocheand Lemaitre21 are discussed in this chapter.Basic principlesConsidering small strains framework, the strain tensor can be split into its elastic and inelastic separate = e+ in(2.1)where is total strain, e is the elastic strain and in is the inelastic strain. In this work, we neglect creep and thus consider only the plastic strain to be the inelastic strain. Hence we can proceed to rewrite the above equation as = e+ p(2.2)where p is the plastic strain. Let us consider a field with stress = i j(x) and external volume forces fi. Thus the equilibrium condition is given asi j + f dozen= 0i, j1,2,3(2.3)From the balance of moment of momentum equation, we know that the Cauchy stress ten- sor is symmetric in nature. The strain tensor is calculated from the gradient of displacement, uas1 .ujui.i j = 2xi+ x(2.4)The Hookes law for the relation between stress and strain tensors is given using the elastic part of the strain = E e(2.5)where e and the stress are second order tensors. E is the fourth order elasticity tensor.Equipotential surfacesIn the traditional plasticity theory which is time independent, the stress state is governed by a yield surface and loading-unloading conditions. In Viscoplasticity the time or ra te dependent plasticity is described by a series of concentrical equipotential surfaces. The location on the centre and its size determine the stress state of a given material.Fig. 2.1 Illustration of equipotential surfaces from 21It can be understood that the inner most surface or the surface closest to the centre represents a null precipitate rate( = 0). As shown in Figure (2.1), the outer most and the farthest surface from the centre represents infinite flow rate ( = ). These two surfaces represent the extremes governed by the time independent plasticity laws. The region in between is governed by Viscoplasticity21. The size of the equipotential surface is proportional to the flow rate. Greater the flow, greater is the surface size. The region between the centre and the inner most surface is the elastic domain. Flow begins at this inner most surface( f=0).In Viscoplasticity, there are two types of hardening rules to be considered (i) Kinematic hardening and (ii) isotropic harden ing. The Kinematic hardening describes the movement of the equipotential surfaces in the stress plane. From material science, this behaviour is known to be the result of dislocations accumulating at the barriers. Thus it helps in describing the Bauschinger effect 27 which states that when a material is subjected to yielding by a compressive load, the elastic domain is increased for the consecutive tensile load. This behaviour is represented by which does not evolve continuously during cyclical loads and thus fails to describe cyclic hardening or softening behaviours. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.2).Fig. 2.2 Linear Kinematic hardening and Stress-strain response from 11The isotropic hardening on the other attain describes the change in size of the surface and assumes that the centre and shape remains unchanged. This behaviour is due to the number of dislocations in a material and the energy stored in it. It is represented by variable r, which evolves continuously du ring cyclic loadings. This can be controlled by the recovery phase. As a result, isotropic behaviour is helpful is mold the cyclic hardening and softening phenomena. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.3).Fig. 2.3 Linear Isotropic hardening and Stress-strain response from 11From Thermodynamics, we know the free energy potential( ) to be a scalar function 21. With respect to temperature T, it is concave. But convex with respect to other internal variables. Thus, it can be defined as = . ,T,e,p,Vk.(2.6)where ,Tare the only measured quantities that can help model plasticity. Vkrepresents the set of internal variable, also known as state variables which help define the memory of the previous stress states.In Viscoplasticity, it is assumed that depends only on e,T,Vk. Thus we have= . e,T,Vk.(2.7)According to thermodynamic rules, stress is associated with strain and the entropy with temperature. This helps us define the following relations = . .e,s = ..T(2.8)where is density a nd s is entropy. It is possible to decouple the free energy function and split it into the elastic and plastic parts.= e. e,T.+ p. ,r,T.(2.9) Similar to , the thermodynamic forces corresponding to and r is given byX = ..,R = ..r(2.10)Here we have X the back stress tensor, used to measure Kinematic hardening. It is noted as a Kinematic hardening variable which defines the position tensor of the centre of equipotential surface. Similarly Ris the Isotropic hardening variable which governs the size of the equipotential surface.Dissipation potentialThe equipotential surfaces that describe Viscoplasticity have some properties.Points on all(prenominal) surface have a magnitude equal to the strain rate.Points on each surface have the same dissipation potential.If potential is zero, there is no plasticity and it refers to the elastic domain.The dissipation potential is represented by which is a convex function. It can be defined in a dual form as = . ,X,R T,,r.(2.11)It is a positive funct ion and if the variables ,X,Rare zero, then the potential is also zero. The normalityrule, defined in 22 suggests that the outward normal vector is proportional to the gradient of the yield function. Applying the normality rule, we may obtain the following relations p = , = ,X r =R(2.12)Considering the recovery effects in Viscoplasticity, the dissipation potential can be split into two parts = p+ r(2.13)where p is the Viscoplastic potential and r the recovery potential which are defined as p=p.. X. R k,X,R T,,r. ,(2.14)r=r. ,R T,,r.(2.15).3J2 .. . X=2 X X(2.16)where J2 . X. refers to the norm on the stress plane and kis the initial yield or the initialsize of equipotential surface. sacking back to the relation in (2.12) , we haveJ2 .X. X ==3=p(2.17)pJ2 ..2 X.Here, p is the accumulated viscoplastic strain, given by .2p = p p(2.18)3Also applying the normality rule on eq. (2.15) we may define r as r = p r(2.19)RThus when recovery is treat (i.e r = 0), r is equal to p.Perfect viscoplasticityLet us consider pure viscoplasticity where hardening is ignored. Thus the internal variables may also be removed. = . ,T.(2.20)Since plasticity is independent of volumetric stress, we may consider just the deviatoric stress = 1 tr()I. Using isotropic property, we may just use the second invariant of . Thus = . ( ),T.(2.21)Applying the normality rule here, we may obtain the flow rule for Viscoplasticity.3 ==(2.22)p2 J2 ..J2 ..From the Odqvists law 12, the dissipation potential for perfect viscoplasticity can be obtained. Here the elastic part is ignored. Thus we have =n + 1.J2().n+1(2.23)where and n are material parameters.Using this relation in the flow rule from eq.(2.22), we get.J2().n3 =p2J2 . .(2.24)Further the elasticity domain can be included through the parameter kwhich is a measure of the initial yield3 =.J2() k.n(2.25)p2J2 . .The are the Macauley brackets defined by F = F H(F),H(F) =.1 ifF0(2.26)0 ifF