An Analysis of the Epic Poem, Beowulf - Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

Beowulf   The classic hero is a well-known character of tall social position whose qualities represent those valuable to his society. The hero is pitted against monsters and is, therefore, strong and courageous often to the point of seeming superman. Beowulf often displays cunning and craftiness in dealing with others. At the same time, since he represents all humans, he struggles to overcome human weaknesses. He is challenged and he triumphs. In Beowulf A new telling by Robert Nye, Beowulf is a classic hero. He struggles against monsters, endures challenges, suffers, and leveltually is victorious over evil. His words and actions, which help him decide the fate of a group of people, demonstrates that Beowulf is a brave, wise, and benevolent leader.   Beowulf seems to constantly show signs of bravery thoughout the story. He is pitted against monsters and is, therefore, strong and courageous often to the point of seeming superhero. For instance, when Beowulf i s going to go find and drink down Grendle with his men, he dough to talk with the coast guard, Beowulf says ... Then you are either the bravest man in the world... Many poeple finishedt the story think the Beowulf is very brave Once Beowulf and his men get off the coast guard the author makes a remark When Beowulf had heard of all the stories about the dreadful demon Grendle, he was determined to go and help Herothgar kill the monster... This demonstrates intrepidity, because he is willing to go risk his life for another country. Another source of courage is when Breca and Beowulf fights off the nine sea monsters. First of all even doing the daring contest in the sea is a sign of dauntlessness, but a true sign of bravery is this, And I swung my sword to fight them off... tooshie you now see that the author meant for Beowulf to be the hero, and the bravest one of them all ?   Robert Nye wouldnt cut the hero of the story short with only bravery Beowulf was als o wise. All through the book Beowulf was wise. There are many of examples of his cleverness. Beowulf uses his sagaciousness when he is getting ready to do something and in his every day problems.

Kafka Essay -- essays papers

KafkaFranz Kafka was born in Prague, Bohemia, July 3, 1883 and died June 3, 1924 of tuberculosis at the age of 40. He came from a bourgeoisie Jewish family. His father was a shopkeeper and tried to climb up the social ladder by working hard at his shop and direct Franz to a prestigious German high school. He went on to get a law degree and worked for two insurance companies (not at the same time) When his .tuberculosis got perverting in 1917 he was put on temporary retirement with a pension. German was the language the upper class spoke and by sending Franz to German schools his father tried to disassociate from the lower class Jewish who lived in the ghetto. They were always moving from apartment to apartment advancing as the business grew. Franz had a very strained relationship with his father that traumatically affected his whole intent. This is apparent in a letter to his father he wrote, What was always incomprehensible to me was your correspond lack of feeling for the suffering and shame you could inflict on me with your words and judgments. It was as though you had no notion of your power (Letter).Max Brod and Franz met in college and became life long friends. It was Max who persuaded Franz to publish some of his work and it was Max who was responsible for most of the Kafka writings that are available today. Franz had entrusted his manuscripts to Max and in his last leave alone and testament specified that all his work was to be destroyed. Instead Max had them published after Franz death.Although he never married, he was engaged several generation but always broke the engagement as the wedding day would approach. Most of the biographies about him tell of his problem with women and repulsion from sex and say that it was ... ... http//members.xoom.com/danielhornek/. 1 Mar. 2000.Kafka, Leni. Biography. Hp. 2000 last update. Online. Available http//victorian.fortunecity.com/vermeer/287/biography.htm. 2 Mar. 2000.Letter to His Fathe r. Hp. 2000 last update. Online. Available http//www.fortunecity.com/victorian/vermeer/287/lettertohisfather.htmMagil, Frank N. ed. Franz Kafka. Vol. 4 of Critical Survey of Short Fiction . Pasadena Salem Press, 1993.Novels for Students Vol. 7 Farmington, MI Gale Research, 1999. p281-297.Pawel, Ernst. The nightmare of Reason A Life of Franz Kafka. NYNoonday Press, 1992. Spann, Meno. Franz Kafka. George Prior Publishers, 1976. Times Literary Supplement, Aug. 22, 1997 n4925 p15(2). World Literature Criticism 1500 to Present. Vol. 3. Detroit Gale Research, 1992.

Electrical Engineering :: essays research papers

Electrical EngineeringWork PerformedElectrical Engineers research, develop, design, and test electronic components, products, and systems for commercial, industrial, medical, military, and scientific applications (Cosgrove 749). They are concerned with devices that use small amounts of electrical energy that make up electronic components such as integrated circuits and microprocessors. By applying principles and techniques of electronic engineering they design, develop, and manufacture products such as computers, telephones, radios, and stereo systems (EGOE, 121). Electrical engineers topographic point everyone lives through the things they have designed or created. Electrical engineers have invented the lights in your house, the television, the stereo, the telephone, computers, and even your doctor&8217s blood pressure gauge (Stine 300). HistoryThe history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the natu re of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical occurrent could be control direct and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to work out (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday&8217s electric tug from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and strengthful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expe nded to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone chat system (750).Into The 20th CenturyBy the time the 20th century arrived, vacuum tubes were invented that could transmit weak electrical signals which led to the formation of electromagnetic waves that led to the invention of the radio broadcast system (750). These vacuum tubes were discovered to be able to transmit currents through solid material, which led to the creation of transistors in the 1960&8217s (750).

Asthma Essay -- essays research papers fc

Asthma is a disorder of the respiratory system in which the passages that enable aviation to pass into and out of the lungs periodically narrow, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This narrowing is typically temporary and reversible, but in severe attacks, asthma may result in death. Asthma most commonly refers to bronchial asthma, an inflammation of the airways, but the term is also used to refer to cardiac asthma, which develops when fluid builds up in the lungs as a complication of heart fall aparture. This article focuses on bronchial asthma.More than 17 million Americans suffer from asthma, with nearly 5 million cases occurring in children under(a) age 18. In the United States, asthma causes nearly 5,500 deaths each year. Asthma occurs in males and females of all ages, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic levels. For reasons not completely understood, asthma is broadly speaking more common in poor urban neighborhoods, in cold climates, and in industrialized co untries.Among all Americans, the prevalence of asthma increased more than 60 percent between 1982 and 1994, peculiarly among children. Deaths from asthma increased more than 55 percent from 1979 to 1992. Scientists suspect that increased exposure to second-hand cigargontte smoke, growing populations in soil city centers, and new housing that is poorly ventilated contribute to the increase in asthma cases.BreathingEvery cell in the human tree trunk requires oxygen to function, and the lungs make that oxygen available. With every breath we take, air travels to the lungs by a series of tubes and airways. After passing through the mouth and throat, air moves through the larynx, commonly known as the voice box, and then through the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea divides into two branches, called the right bronchus and the left bronchus, that connect directly to the lungs. vent slide bys through the bronchi, which divide into smaller and smaller air passages in the lungs, called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs, called alveoli, which are surrounded by tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries.Here, chummy in the lungs, oxygen diffuses through the alveoli walls and into the blood in the capillaries and gaseous waste products in the bloodmainly carbon dioxidediffuse through the capillary walls and into the alveoli. scarcely if something prevents the oxygen from reaching t... ...ng, may provoke hyperventilation, a rapid inhalation of oxygen that causes the airway to narrow. In asthmatics, hyperventilation often results in an attack. Many asthmatics are especially sensitive to physical exercise in cold weather.Research suggests that genetic factors may increase the risk of developing the disorder. Children with a family history of asthma are more likely to develop asthma than other children. Despite this apparent genetic link, many people without a family history of asthma develop the disorder, and scientists continue to investigate additional causes.TreatmentPhysicians typically diagnose asthma by looking for the classic symptoms episodic problems with breathing that include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. When symptoms alone fail to establish a diagnosis of asthma, doctors may use spirometry, a test that measures air flow. By comparing a patients normal airflow, airflow during an attack, and airflow after the application of asthma medication, doctors determine whether the medicine improves the patients breathing problems. If asthma medication helps, doctors usually diagnose the condition as asthma.Bibliographywww.scienceworld.com

The Hopi Indians :: American America History

The Hopi IndiansIn the southwestern United States, above northern Arizona, are 3 mesas. The mesas create the home for the Hopi Indians. The Hopi aim a deeply religious, isolated, tribal culture with a unique history.The Hopi stress group cooperation. The tribe is organized around a clan system. In a clan system, all the members consider themselves relatives. The clans form a social glue that has held the Hopi villages together. Clan membership provides a singular Hopi identity. The Hopi have a highly developed belief system which contains many gods and animate. Ceremonies, rituals, dances, songs, and prayers are celebrated in year-round. The Hopi believed they were led to the arid southwestern region of America by their creator, because he knew they had the power to evoke rain with power and prayer. Consequently, the Hopi are connected to their land, its agricultural cycles and the constant quest for rainfall, in a religious way. The religious subject matter of the community is t he kiva, which is an underground room with a ladder protruding above the roof. The kiva is very important for several reasons. From the kiva, a connection is made with the center of the earth. Also, the kiva is symbolic for the emergence to this world. The room would represent the underworld and the ladder would represent the way to the upper world. In fact, a room is kept in the house to investment firm ceremonial objects. A sacred ear of corn protects the room and symbolizes the ancestry of the family members. Kachinas are also a focal point of the religion. For a Hopi, they signify spirits of ancestors, dieties of the natural world, or intermediaries between man and gods. The Hopi believe that they are the earths caretakers, and with the successful performance of their ceremonial cycle, the world will remain in balance, the gods will be happy and rain will come. Because they think of their crops as gifts, the Hopi Indians live in harmony with the environment. Art is also used f or ritualistic purposes. Mens loincloths were painted and adorned with tassels to symbolize falling rain. Men also wore elaborate costumes that include special headdresses, masks, and body paints during ritual ceremonies and dances.The Hopi follow a seasonal sense of time. Depending on the season, variant preparations were used for collecting the rain. Droughts required the Hopis to adopt new farming methods that are still in use today.

The Teaching of Saint Gregory Essay -- Christology, God, Creation

A. The Teaching of Saint Gregory contains many theologically concepts as deity and Creation, Christology, human being Sin and salvation, eschatology and resurrection. owe to the limited space, I will only explore some key elements which I think are worthy to be discussed.First, Gregory depicts the divinity fudges attri onlyes it begins with the trust of Trinity- God created the world and humankind, the Son saved humankind and the Spirit sustained the world (259, 263, 362). There is no one before God and there is no creator (259). God is incomprehensible and almighty (259, 366). God created two kinds of creatures visible (the creatures in the world) and invisible (angels, include the evil Follower behind) (262, 278). Second, man was created in Gods imagewhich gave man rational mind and independent will so that man will be aware of God. (273), praise God (261) and live in a good life with God. (Enochs life 294).Third, in Christology, Gregory emphasizes the incar body politic of t he Son is not a sudden idea, not a phantom (402) but an eternal redemption plan of God. All the prophecies was foreshadowing Christ (342) and concerning Christ (377). Gregory skims the life and teaching of Jesus but emphasizes much in Christs death and resurrection. Jesus humbled Himself to the indignity of death (385, 587-595), came to bridge the separated, to build up what was destroyed (591). In Gregorys view, the cross of Christ is the anti-type of the lift of Babel. The tower stands for scattering, represents Gods wrath of humans sin the cross stands for gathering that Jesus redirects people back to God (584, 585). With the promise of Gods spirit dwelling in the believers, Gregory further insists the Martyrs live and intercede for men (596-597) which ... ...however, find a light to solve the problem of illiteracy. Armenians is the only nation who maintains Christianity as the national religion to recent decades. Reasons for success are many, like a distinct geography, recur red prosecutions, and the martyrs linked with national pride could be the dominant factors but also, the book of Teaching of St. Gregory is definitely a significant reason to keep the Armenians faith in the long history. Its non-difficult, comprehensive, systematic way explaining Gods demand, humans sin & responsibility, Gods protection with whom in prosecution provide reason, strength and faith for Armenians to live their lives faithfully. Another important thing the church can do is to adopt new technology, A-V computerized aids to polish the traditions of Christian faith and provide a fresh expression of Christianity to our neighbours.

Climate Change in Vietnam

HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (HUTECH) FACULTY OF milieu & BIOTECHNOLOGY HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT humour smorgasbord CONTENTS I. humor falsify I. 1. greenhouse gas arc I. 2. Manifestation of climate commute in Vietnam II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems II. 2. Impacts on the rescue II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors II. 4. Impacts on society I. CLIMATE CHANGE I. 1. glasshouse gas emission Greenhouse gas emission (CO2, CH4, N2O) has continuously increase globally since the industrial revolution, especially due to humans activities including the exploitation of fossils for industrial and agricultural production and transportation. Greenhouse gas accumulated over an extended period causes a greenhouse effect, which raises the global temperature. The direct of greenhouse gas per person in Vietnam is lower than the creative ac tivitys norm level (Table 1. ), but Vietnam is one of the countries that is most affected by climate change. Table 1. 1. Estimated greenhouse gas emmission level per person wholeTonsofCO2equivalent/person Year 2004 Year 2010 America * 20 21,6 Europe * 11 11 The worlds average * 5 qina * 4 Vietnam ** 1,5 1,6 lineage(*)ClimateChange101 at a lower placestandingandResponding toGlobalClimateChange,2007 (**)EstimationinVietnamInitialNationalCommunicationUnderthe UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimatechange,MoNRE,2003Vietnam conducted a greenhouse gas emission inventory in 1993 (The first national inventory notice, 2004), in 1998 (Greenhouse gas emmision inventory report, 2008) and in 2000 (The punt national notice, 2010). The inventory result showed that the total greenhouse gas emission in 2000 was 150. 9 million piles of eq. CO2. The emission structure has changed however compared to the previous years. The proportion of emission compared to the total figure has increased in t he sectors of waste, energy and industrial processes (Diagram 1. ). Diagram 1. 1. The evolution of GHG emission of each sector in 1993,1998,2000 The inventory result in 2000 showed that agriculture was the biggest source of emission with 65 million tons of eq. CO2 (accounting for 43. 1%), which was followed by the energy sector (35%). But the agricultural emission proportion compared to the total emission reduced against the previous 2 inventories. GHG emission inventory research in sectors showed that only forestry and land use restructuring were able to absorb and reduce CO2.CO2 absorption by the forests and other kinds of land coverage was 75. 74 million tons of eq. CO2, and by s anoint 90. 85 million tons of eq. CO2. Totally, GHG emission from agriculture and land use restructuring was 15. 1 million tons, accounting for 10% of the total emission. There is often scientific evidence showing that the earth is heating up due to increasing GHG emission and global climate change is t aking place chop-chop and with significent impact. Thus, if GHG emission continues to increase, the impacts of climate change depart be much serious.Countries, that chip in long coastlines and are located near the equator like Vietnam will have to position great impacts from climate change. I. 2. Manifestation of climate change in Vietnam Climate change is taking place and causing great changes, which are shown in constitutional and out-of-the-way weather phenomena experienced recently such as increasing temperature, strong storm, heavy rains, floods, drought, and advance sea level etc. Temperature Over the stomach 50 years (1958-2007), the annual average temperature in Vietnam increased from between 0. 0. 7C. The temperature in winter rose faster than that in summer and the temperature in the pairing rose faster than that in the south. In 2007, the annual average temperature in Hanoi, Ho chi Minh City and Da Nang were heightser than the average figures in 1931 to 194 0 by 0. 8 -1. 3C and higher than that in 1991 2000 by 0. 4- 0. 5C (Source The National hindquarters Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). pelting In each region, there was no big change in the annual average rainfall in each period and in antithetical locations.However the annual rainfall reduced in the Northern climatic zones and increased in the Southern climatic zones. The national average rainfall over the delay 50 years (1958 2007) reduced by 2%. However, rainfall pattern within the year changed with a negative trend increasing in the wet season and reducing in the dry season. Cold air The number of cold spells that affected Vietnam reduced remarkably over the past 2 decades. However, unusual manifestation appeared more regularly.The latest one was a chilly cold spells that lasted for 30 days in January and February in 2008 in the Northern region. (Source The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). Storm In the recent past 5 to 6 decades, the frequency of tropical cyclones on the East sea increased by 0. 4 storm per decade the frequency of tropical cyclones affected Vietnam increased by 0. 2 storm per decade in recent years, high intensity storms appeared more regularly. The storms orbit trended southward and the stormy season ended later. Many storms travelled unusually and irregularly. Source Vietnams second notice to the UN Convention Frame work on Climate Change, MONRE, 2010). Sea level Monitoring data at Marine Observatories along Vietnams coastline showed that the average rise in sea level was 3mm/year (from 1993 2008) equivalent to the worlds average rate of increase. Over the last 50 years, sea level at Hon Dau marine observatory rose by 20cm (Source The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY Climate change is one of the biggest challenges for human beings in the 21st century.Climate change will cause seri ous impacts on production, life and environment globally. change magnitude temperature and rising sea level causing flooding together with saline weewee sources that negatively affects agriculture will increase industrial risks and negatively impact afterlife socio-economic systems. II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems Sea water rise, more high-intensity natural disasters, sediment levels and saline level increases all have impacts on natural ecosystems. Rising sea level accelerates the landslide rate in the coastal areas and river mouths.It leads to the disappearance of mangrove forest such as the mangrove forest east of the Ca Mau cape, which is the natural home ground of many species. Rising sea level also floods the coastal areas, which has an impact on the growth of mangrove trees, especially those that are able to retain clog banks and thus raise the level of the coastal areas, such as Avicennia, Sonneratia alba. Due to the impacts of climate change, natural forest ecosystems suc h as the dry dipterocarp forests, verdurous forests and deciduous forests have all reduced in acreage.The boundary of primeval forests and secondary forests can also change as a result. The dry dipterocarp forests will expand to the north deciduous forests of drought tolerant plants will grow more strongly. High temperature can also lead to the extinction of some kinds of fauna and flora. Some kinds of plants such as aloe wood, textured wood and siadora Vietnamese, etc, can become extinct. Hundreds of animal species and plants have to change their habitats and life spans to adapt to climate change. II. 2. Impacts on the economyClimate change has sizably impacts on some economic sectors, which indirectly put pressure on the environment II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture Rising sea water and salt water intrusion in the Mekong River Delta and some areas in the Red River Delta, which are major agricultural hubs, threatens agricultural production and national food security. Salinity of 1 has intruded landwards by 50-60 km and salinity 4 (harmful to plants) has intruded by 30-40 km from the river mouth. Source The Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 2008). The Mekong River Delta, which has 1,77 million ha of saline land, accounting for 45% of the total area, would be the most affected in the country. If sea level rises 30 cm, salinity of major branches of the Mekong River Delta would intrude by a further 10km. ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM Accordingtotheclimatechangescenerio,ifseawater risesby1m,theMekongriverDeltawillbe40%flooded land,RedriverDelta,11%,andHoChiMinhCity,over 20%.Nearly10-12%ofnationalpopulationwillbedirectly affectedandthelossofVietnamsGDPisestimatedat10%. SourceVietnamInsituteofMeterologyHydrometeorology andEnvironment,MONRE,2010 ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM Accordingtotheclimatechangescenerio,ifseawater risesby1m,theMekongriverDeltawillbe40%flooded land,RedriverDelta,11%,andHoChiMinhCit y,over 20%. Nearly10-12%ofnationalpopulationwillbedirectly affectedandthelossofVietnamsGDPisestimatedat10%. SourceVietnamInsituteofMeterologyHydrometeorology andEnvironment,MONRE,2010Increasing temperature would have impacts on productivity, increase the risk of diseases and change the plant structure, which would cause food insecurity. Scientists have said that if the temperature increases 1C, it will affect 25% of productivity, such as rice at 10%, corn 5-20%, (would be 60% if the temperature rises 4C). The boundary of tropical plants will change toward higher mountain areas and northward. Increasing temperature affects the metabolism, growth rate, reproduction and seasonal crops of aquatic creatures, which are also prone to get diseases and be more exposed to toxic chemicals.Tropical fish (of low commercialized value excluding tuna) would increase, while sub-tropical fish (high commercial value) would reduce. The oxygen content in water reduces sharply at night, which makes many kinds of shrimp and fish die or be stunted. II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector When the temperature increases, energy consumption of some production sectors and domestic consumption also increases as they use more galvanic devices fans, air-conditioners, industrial cooling systems, etc, as well as pumping water for plants.A study by the Energy Institute, the Ministry of Industry and Trade shows that when the temperature in summer rises 1C, supernumerary electricity charged from 9 am to 4pm increases higher than in other hours by 2. 2%/year, meaning electricity consumption would increase by 1%, especially in domestic, commercial and service sectors. When the temperature increases, the thermal cycle output of steam turbines reduces, which wastes fuel. When the temperature increases 1C, coal consumption of a 300 MW coal-fired thermal actor plant would increase 0. 5%, equivalent to 4,500 tons/year.For a gas-turbine power plant, when the temperature increase 1C, generating capaci ty will reduce the productivity of a 250 MW gas-turbine by 0. 5%, which loses 7. 5 million kWh annually. Unusual storms and floods and rising sea level would also negatively affect the electricity operation, transmission and distribution systems, oil rigs, oil and gas pipelines to the mainland, and oil up-loading to storage tanks. Besides, due to unusual heavy storms, reservoirs of hydro-power stations could not effectively regulate water which increase risks to the lowland area.Rains and storms would cause landslides and undo dykes and hydropower system, which would impact the environment on a large scale. II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors Storms, heavy rains and floods which increase in intensity and frequency, would damage and destroy foot and facilities and damage the natural and social environment seriously, sometimes even to the extent where it is unable to recover. Rising sea level would make some beaches disappear, while others would counterbalance by shifting land ward.It would affect cultural and historical sites, natural reserves and eco-tourism sites. Increasing temperature and shorter time of low temperature would reduce the attraction of mountain resorts, while the touring car season at the coast would last longer. (Source Climate change impacts on Vietnam). Construction and industrial clusters/zones built in the plains would face higher risks of flooding and difficulties in rainfall drainage as well as flooding caused by rising river and sea levels.Extreme weather conditions and natural disaster increase would reduce the strong suit of materials, devices, facilities and infrastructure. II. 4. Impacts on society Climate change has direct and indirect influences on society and the communitys health. Unusual climate manifestation, prolonged cold and importunate spells, increasing or reducing temperature have negative influences on peoples health.Climate change also cause epidemics and other sources of diseases to occur and spread more w idely such as type A influenza H1N1 virus, type A influenza H5N1 virus, diarrhoea, cholera, and other kinds of tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, Nipponese encephalitis, dermatological diseases, sore eyes and poisoning. CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE INFECTED PEOPLE Iftheglobaltemperatureincreasesfrombetween 35C,around50to80millionpeopleworldwide willfacetheriskofgettingmalariaeveryyear. Source ReportofActionAid). OfficialstatisticsofaWHO bein2000showed thatglobalwarmingwasthecauseofanadditional 155,000deathsinlow-incomecountries,duetoits impactonfoodproductivityandmalnutrition,diseases suchasdiarrhoea,malariaandflood relateincidents. 85%ofthedeathswereunder-5childreninlowincome countries. SourceAsiaEuropeconferenceonSharingexperienceon respondingtoglobalclimatechangeandemergingdiseases, Hanoi,2009CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE INFECTED PEOPLE Iftheglobaltemperatureincreasesfrombetween 35C,around50to80millionpeopleworldwide willfacether iskofgettingmalariaeveryyear. (Source ReportofActionAid). OfficialstatisticsofaWHOsurveyin2000showed thatglobalwarmingwasthecauseofanadditional 155,000deathsinlow-incomecountries,duetoits impactonfoodproductivityandmalnutrition,diseases suchasdiarrhoea,malariaandfloodrelatedincidents. 85%ofthedeathswereunder-5childreninlowincome countries.SourceAsiaEuropeconferenceonSharingexperienceon respondingtoglobalclimatechangeandemergingdiseases, Hanoi,2009 Being aware of the climate change impacts, Vietnams Government has joined and sanctioned the UN Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. After 2 years of implementation of the National Target Program on Climate Change Response, Vietnam has achieved sign noteworthy results. Ministries, sectors and localities have been preparing their Action Plans to respond to Climate change based on the premise of the National Action Plan.

Epi Study Guide – Leon Gordis

Reverse Time Order- expi proportionalityn actually come before the exposure (opposite of hypothesis) the outcome Is really the exposure and the exposure Is really the outcome d. Chance- to occur accidentally, without design, a coincidence e. Bias- systematic error in design, conduct, or analysis of a contain that results in a inconclusive estimate 3. 4 enduring epidemiological understandings patterns to their occurrence. These patterns tush be identified through surveillance of populations. Examining these patterns of health and sickness can help us formulate a hypothesis bout their possible wee-wees. B.A hypothesis can be tested by comparing the frequency of disease in selected groups of people with and without the exposure to determine if the exposure and the disease ar associated. When the exposure is hypothesized to cast off a beneficial effect, studies can be designed in which a group of people is intentionally menaced to the hypothesized cause and compared to a group t hat is not exposed. When an exposure is hypothesized to have detrimental effect, it is unethical to intentionally expose a group of people. In these circumstances, studies can be designed that observe groups of free living people with and without the exposure. . One possible explanation for finding an connective is that the exposure causes the outcome. Because studies are complicated by factors not controlled by the observer, other explanations also must be considered, including chance, bias, confounding and reverse time order. D. Judgment to the highest degree whether an exposure causes a disease is developed by examining a body of epidemiological evidence as well as evidence from other scientific disciplines 8 cause-effect criteria questions 1 . What is the strength of association between the risk factor and the disease? 2. Can a biological gradient be demonstrated? 3. Is the finding consistent?Has it been replicated by others in other places? 4. Have studies established that t he risk factor precedes the disease? 5. Is the risk factor associated with on disease of many antithetic diseases? 6. Is the new finding coherent with earlier knowledge about the risk factor and the disease? 7. Are the implications of the observed findings biologically sensible? Been produced by controlled face of the risk factor? 4. Active surveillance a. s when the researcher is actively to collect data for the study 5. Age-adjusted rates a. Eliminate the effects of differences in the term distributions of populations 6. Association a. Towards the null = towards no association 7. Bias a. Systematic error in design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposures effect on the risk of disease 8. Biological gradient/ dose-response coitionship 9. Biological sense Are the implications of the observed findings biologically sensible? If it doesnt institute biological sense today, doesnt mean it cant in future 10. Landing- a. Blind the participan ts, blind people administering exposures, and even blind assessors evaluating if they do or do not have outcome I.Other measures, such as mean differences, are used if the data are continuous 39. Measures of statistical stability P values and confidence intervals are the two main ways to asses the role of chance in epidemiological research. The null P value and 95% confidence interval are intimately commonly used. 40. Misclassification a. Indifferently misclassification likelihood that misclassification is equal (if there is an association, you are less likely to find it) b. Differential misclassification alters measure of affect 42. National Childrens Health athletic field a.The National Childrens Health Study will examine the effects of the environment, as broadly defined to include factors such as air, water, diet, sound, family dynamics, community and cultural influences, and genetics on the growth, development, and health of children across the United States, following th em from before birth until age 21 years b. Cohort study 43. Natural Experiments -natural occurring circumstances in which groups of Pl within a population have been exposed to different levels of the hypothesized exposure. 44. Necessary and sufficient a. Al people with the adze are exposed 45. Not necessity and sufficient a. Those who have the ADZ may or may not be exposed 46. Necessary and not sufficient a. Elf you have the ADZ you have the exposure you can have the exposure but the exposure may not be enough for you to get the ADZ 47. Not demand and not sufficient a. Do not need to have exposure to have outcome, outcome does not mean you have b. XSL could be a cause of ADZ 48. Numerator a. A count 49. Nun Study- a. Retrospective cohort study, 1,000 nuns participated in the study. 3 of the nuns rote an autobiography at 22 linguistic in relation to Alchemies. 50. Observational Studies a. An epidemiological study of a natural experiment in which the investigator is not involved ot her than to count 51 . Odds ratio a. Ratio of the probability of the occurrence of an event to that of its nonoccurrence b. OR= (A/C) / (BID) Students who did not do their homework had an odds of having a cell phone 9 times that of students who did their homework. 52. consequent ADZ, caused by exposure 53. P value 54. Passive surveillance is when the researcher relies on the available data for the study

Agricultural Equipment Business Essay

Agricultural Equipment Business Manufacturing, export and distribution opportunities in post-harvest equipment beckon entrepreneurs even as other spring up products also hold great promise In the last decade, Buhler, a global manufacturer of grain milling, sorting and handling products, has been witnessing a geographical release in demand for its products. While the US and Europe remained the mainstay for long, it is China and India that be now the demand hubs for its products.The company, which launched its India operations in 1992, has since expanded its facility in India and ramped up the workforce. Another equipment firm, Satake, a Japanese major, has been witnessing similar trend. But the presence of big firms such as Satake and Buhler has not had much effect on local manufacturing. Many small and medium enterprises operate at full capacity across the country. Take for instance, S P Khandelwal of S S Milling and Engineering. He sells grain cleaning and sorting equipment to f lour mills, energy foods producers and snacks companies.He boasts of clients such as Bikanerwala, Priya Gold and Modi Flour Mill. It is the price factor that helps entrepreneurs such as Khandelwal get through the onslaught of the global majors. Products sold by organized players are expensive while my products are low-cost, he says. Farm equipment companies, both big and small, are fight tooth and nail to grab the larger share of the lucrative India market, despite the fact that the agriculture sectors share in the GDP has fallen all over the years.This notwithstanding, the farm equipment sector, that is a key support for agriculture, has been growing at a brisk pace and is projected to touch $7. 9 billion by 2012, concord to The Freedonia Group, a US-based market research firm. pic Growth Drivers A couple of factors are driving the growth of this sector. These are mechanization of agriculture, increase in contract farming, unaffixed availability of farm loans at low interest r ates, and migration of laborers from villages to cities.Mechanization of Indian agricultural has been a major booster. The continuous increase in the consumption of tycoon for farm sector and the corresponding reduction in the use of animal and human index is a clear indication that more and more machines are being deployed. A study by KPMG, done for India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) throws up some interesting observations. It says the share of animals as the source of power for the agriculture sector declined sharply from 45% in 1971-72 to less than 10% in 2005-06.

Nursery Nurse

Explain different transitions children and young people may experience from 0-19 years and how adults rat support them through them. Babies weaning young children may not like their bran- recent routine, such as different residue patterns, different foods, not as much milk, Children may begin to have disturbed sleep patterns, be more irritable whilst awake and less motivated to try new foods. Its good through this stage of their transitions that the parents remain calm and keep a soft voice at all times to pr eveningt the child from acquiring distressed.To help the child with sleep patterns, play calm soothing music, suck up it a calm environment (classical music helps) and a dark room. To help them with different foods, try encouraging them with impinge on sounds like mmm and yummy you can also try some of their food and make smiley faces to indicate that its nice to eat. Crawling to walking- when a child starts to walk, they can become distressed that they arent getting to where they want to, parents can help this with holding their hands to gain balance. hen their baby is starting to walk, parents should make the environment safe and secure Potty training- The reassurance that nappies nominate can be enormous for both child and parent, for some children it is more difficult recognising the signs of needing the toilet. Supportive relationships understand that when their child has an accident, they are to show that its okay. That they can be cleaned up, everyone moves on and reassurance is given for trying again the next time.Starting Nursery- When children dont want to leave parents or are feeling unwell, separation can be a very upsetting for them. Starting nursery can be daunting for children. Supportive relationships help children through this potentially difficult time by reassuring the child that its ok to be upset at leaving their parent/carer, you know how much they love them, that you also have fun activities aforethought(ip) and would they like to join you. Supporting this transition is for the childs independence, their ability to deal with times of separation.Going up a year in primary school- can be alarming for some children, having a new class room with new children, new teacher and a different environment. Supporting children across the school by adults making themselves known to children. Personalities, attitude and approach volition reassure the children on the type of support they could expect. Starting secondary school- starting secondary school is a alone different emotion to starting primary school, secondary school is a lot igger, full of bigger and older children, this can be distressing for new children and year 7s who have just started. Making a positive attitude to starting their new school is the best thing a parent can do, encourage them to start clubs to make friends and feel more comfortable in their environment. Teachers could help as well by keeping a close spunk on the children, helping the m to be confident, getting them the join in on group activities. Puberty- can be a horrible experience for children both girls and boys curiously for those who start earlier than others.Parents and carers should help to make understand that what happens and goes on in puberty is perfectly normal and that everyone at some stage will go through the same, teachers could help make children more aware by teaching the class all about puberty, so when the time happens theyll know what to do. Bereavements- is a pensive time in a familys household, its an extremely emotional stage in peoples life, children may be upset as they would of lost soul they had loved and to see their family upset is also a hard thing to see.Parents and carers can help their children to realise that death is a part of life even if it is sad and upsetting to go through. Moving house- is a big part in a childs life, sometimes it can lead to wretched schools as well, which is double as hard as it should have been, moving home is not nice to go through as children get given easily, also they would remember all the memories theyve had their, whereas others may want to leave their house to a new one.Parents can help by letting them know that they will make new friends and that they are going to love their new home just as much as their old one. New baby- having a new baby can be extremely hard to deal with, the child may feel left out and neglected if their parents arent spending affluent time with them and just with the baby, this can cause problems at school where they become disruptive to gain attention back of their parents. Parents and carers can help deal with this if they make sure that they are spending just as much time with their child as well as the new baby.

“The Deadline is the Deadline” policy is a good idea Essay

Schools today are now introducing the new indemnity the deadline is the deadline. This essay shall condone why the deadline is the deadline a good idea in schools today. It will accommodate the consequences and injustices if you dont follow this policy, with the benefits of following the policy too. This essay shall also include why teachers in our schools today choose to follow the deadline is he deadline policy. The benefits off following the deadline is the deadline policy is that when you go up to grade 11 o 12 the teachers will be more strict about this policy, and wouldnt give you extensions for accidently leaving it at home or loosing your USB. It will help you later on in life when you get a job. It supports students to take responsibility. And this policy would also help later on in life when youre in university. The disadvantages and consequences of the policy the deadline is the deadline are that if you get so used to not completing or handing assignments or work in o r time, in the future when you get jobs it would be hard for you to hand it in on time.And if you dont do the work, you might as well go looking for another job. Another disadvantage is that, by not handing in assignments it can take your grade down. Teachers today in our schools follow the policy the deadline is the deadline because if the teachers didnt support the policy some students that hadnt finished or handed it up may use pathetic excuses to get extensions. They also follow the policy as it encourages students to participate in the attainment process, it supports students to take responsibility in their learning and it also supports students to develop time management skills. People today agree that the deadline is the deadline policy is a good idea, and I agree. It is a brilliant way to help students develop time management skills and to pass school, which means they would get a better chance of getting in to university or to get a good job. Students make up stupid excuses for not handing it in, which is not going to help. The deadline is the deadline and if you have trouble with handing it in on time, doing cardinal minutes to an hour a night wouldnt hurt.

Analysis Batangas University by Porter 5 Forces

There are a sum up of models and frameworks used in the analyses of conflict of technology science universities in the stage setting of inter topicization and globalization. Although such(prenominal) can be derived from such analyses, it is argued that universities that can be harnessed to turn in warring advantage can be best analyzed when regarded as an persistence.In this speculate, the battle of Batangas realm University College of engineering science was determined based on porters Five Competitive Forces model and was defined by the following the flagellum of bleak entrants, contention among existing firms within an industry, the threat of substitute products or services, the bargaining office staff of suppliers, and the bargaining power of buyers. The intensity of threats of new entering universities, short-term substitutes, and rivalry among existing universities were determined over the strength of Batangas posit University College of technology as suppli er, and as viewed by the industries and alumni as buyers.PURPOSEThis paper examined the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering victimisation doormans Five Competitive Forces Model. It assessed the competitive edge of the College as perceived by alumni and separate stakeholders vis--vis other engineering institutions, which highlighted the applicability of this model in determining the competitiveness of the College.DESIGN / METHODTo be able to analyze the competitive advantage of Batangas State University College of Engineering over the other existing engineering schools in Batangas, its graduates from twelve engineering programs over the last five years were surveyed. This determined the graduates assessment of faculty competence in different aspects, effectiveness of its curriculum, and the capability of the university in providing character services to the students.On the other legislate, the personnel from different companies in the region were included in the population of this study to determine their assessment of the competitiveness of the graduates of Batangas State University College of Engineering. The actents of this study were 386 alumni out of 2,197 graduates from twelve engineering programs of Batangas State University from the school year (SY) 2005-2006 to SY 2009-2010. On the other hand, a total of 52 respondents from major industries in the CALABARZON region were the foster group of respondents of the study.RESULTSResults revealed that the perceptions of the alumni and industry partners on the Colleges competitiveness as regards buyer power, supplier power, threats of new entry and rivalry among existing competitors were relatively high. On the other hand, they had an average perception on the competitiveness of the Colleges programs considering threats of substitutes .CONCLUSIONPorters Five Competitive Forces Model has been found applicable in the summary of competitiveness of Batangas State University C ollege of Engineering similar to that in business entities to pull in distinct holdings and capabilities which are presented to their clientele if they are to have a strong market and competitive position.The results underscore the competitiveness of the University in terms of faculty, curriculum and other attributes that make it a University of choice by students for an engineering education. Despite these, it is challenged byaggressive competition by other institutions and by alternative substitute modes of learning equal to an engineering degree.KEYWORDSPorters Five Competitive Forces, competitive advantage, differentiation strategiesIntroductionGlobalization has become inevitably beyond the tick of individual Higher Education Institutions and governments. Characteristically, since global cities have a high density of participation in higher(prenominal) education, there is a strong arrogant correlation between the higher education enrolment ratio of a nation or a region, and its global competitive performance (Bloom, 2005). Future opportunities and challenges for internationalization of higher education must be explored in order to respond to globalization of societies, cultures, economies and labor markets (Klvermark & Wende, 1997).There has been a continuing interest in the analysis of forces that own impact on organizations, particularly those that can be harnessed to provide competitive advantage like universities. (Thurlby, 1998).The Batangas State University stands as a university offering engineering education anchored on its mission and the mandates of the Commission on Higher Education. Having acquired recognition for its engineering education through the years, there is a felt need to avouch how it stands as to the entities it has served the alumni, and the market the industries.One of the bases of competitiveness is readiness for internationalization. Termed as internationalization of tertiary education (ITE), this means integrating inte rnational, intercultural or global dimension into the goals, functions, and delivery of higher education (Knight and de Wit, 1997) as cited by Eglitis and Panina (2010). Evidently, this is seen in the crafted vision of Batangas State University, which has geared its direction in the shaping of a global Filipino. Also, the Batangas State University is governed by national regulations, policies and norms which according to Duczmal (2006) may have an impact on students and their academic andpersonal and social behaviors as well as their choice of university.To date, the College is home to 122 top performers in national licensure examinations nonably in mechanical, electrical, electronics and communications, civil, chemical, environmental and sanitary and architecture programs, and the graduates performance in national licensure examinations is consistently higher than the national passing percentage expect among engineering graduates. As a result of the efforts to continuously improve the pure tone of its curricular programs, faculty, and research capabilities, it has become a university of choice by future engineering students and one of the top producers of globally competitive professionals in the region.According to Porter, it is imperative that organizations have their own strategies that reflect their needs and plans, given the institutional arrangements and external conditions. The Batangas State University took the venture of program differentiation when it started offering programs other engineering schools in the province did not offer. It adapted by making the faculty strong by direct them for advanced studies and trainings a ample to prepare them for the instructional needs and challenges of the new programs.To Porter, this move shows the competitiveness of an organization. Organizations adapting to new institutional arrangements and new demands will choose the way they respond and reorganize themselves. One way is to create added value to its pro ducts which in this context, Batangas State University did. Duczmal (2006) had cited not-for-profit organizations, such as a higher education institutions use added value strategies not just for money but works for value for society and performance of their mission, as well.MethodologyThe study was anchored on the possibleness of Michael Porter on competitiveness which is a tool used to analyze an industrys or companys structure and their corporate strategies. This will present the different competitiveness models and frameworks as applied to business and knowledge intensive organizations. Industry analysis in higher education institution was also presented to show the appropriateness of Porter theory in the analysis of competitiveness of universities.The respondents of this study were the 386 alumni out of 2,197 graduates over the past five years from twelve engineering programs of Batangas State University from the school year (SY) 2005-2006 to SY 2009-2010. The number of respond ents used exceeds the 339 minimum required number of samples determined using Slovins Formula with a margin of error of 0.05, distributed to different programs using stratified proportionate sampling technique. On the other hand, a total of 52 respondents from major industries in CALABARZON region were the second group of respondents in the study.Survey Questionnaire DesignGenerally, the developed questionnaire consisted of seven sections (Sections A to G). The first six sections (Sections A to F) were intended for alumni respondents while the seventh section (Section G) was aimed for industry personnel who were able to handle Batangas State University College of Engineering graduates and trainees. The responses of the respondents to the questionnaire items were given scalar values of 1-5 with 1 as the lowest to 5 as the highest.Section A. This part of the questionnaire dealt with the general criteria in choosing engineering university. This includes affordability, adequacy of faci lities, laboratories and library resources, availability of scholarships, efficiency of students services, accreditation of programs, honors and achievements realise by the university, and linkages with industries and other agencies. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porters buyer power attribute as perceived by alumni.Section B. This part pertained to faculty competence as to professional qualification, advanced education, sufficiency of teaching experience and training, affiliation to professional organizations, participation to seminars and conferences, and linkages with the industry. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering based on Porters supplier power attribute as tofaculty competence as perceived by alumni.Section C. This was relate with the strength of the curriculum as to submission to Commission on Higher Education standards, updatedness and responsiveness to in dustry needs, and involvement of the stakeholders in its revision. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering based on Porters supplier power attribute as to curriculum as perceived by alumni.Section D. This section dealt with the strength or limitations of Batangas State University as compared to other existing engineering schools in Batangas with regard performance, affordability, faculty, accreditation, research and innovation, awards and honors, linkages and international affiliation. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porters attribute of rivalry as perceived by alumni.Section E. This contained the preference to other substitutes to engineering courses which includes enrollment to short term or technical foul courses, affiliation to some professional organization, and enrollment to some online programs. This indicates the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porters threats of substitute attribute as perceived by alumni.Section F. This part tapered on the acceptability of Universities that introduce new engineering programs that are competitive in providing engineering education. This shows the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering based on Porters threats of new entry attribute as perceived by alumni.Section G. This concerned the attributes of the graduates of Batangas State University College of Engineering as well as the responsiveness of its curriculum relative to the needs of the industry. This reflects the competitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering as based on Porters buyer power attribute as perceived by the industries.Competitiveness ModelsIn the higher education literature, Pringle and Huisman (2011) observed that most models and frameworks for analysis are based on shaping governance structure or coordination models such Clarks Triangle of Coor dination (1983), van Vughts Rational Planning and Control Model (1989), Olsens Four States Model (1988) and Hoods Comparative Framework (1998).Porter (1990) outlined his conceptual framework of competitiveness first in The Competitive Advantage of Nations. At a wide level, Porter distinguished between two sets of factors that impact competitiveness The social, political, macroeconomic, and legal context on the one hand and the microeconomic foundations on the other hand (Porter, 2004). In his research, Ketels (2006) pointed out that without microeconomic improvements macroeconomic reforms fail to achieve sustainable improvements in prosperity.Within the set of microeconomic factors, Porter distinguishes between the sophistication with which companies operate and the quality of the business environment Haataja and Okkonen (2004) synthesized the three competitiveness models as applied to knowledge intensive organization. This includes value chain, resource-based view and knowledge-ba sed view.Porter (1985) pointed out that every activity in the crop creates value for the customer through the chain of activities. According to this view, the chain of activities helps to develop knowledge creation and service processes.Porters Five Competitive Forces Model has already been applied in a wide array of businesses including non-profit organizations where competitive advantage is a central theme. As cited by Pringle and Huisman (2011), Porters model (1985) is anchored on microeconomics and despite criticisms from Mintzberg (1994) and others, it is still one of the most strategic frameworks used today. Since engineering universities can be harnessed to provide competitive advantage, it is in this context that Porters Five Competitive Forces Model was chosen by the researcher in analyzing thecompetitiveness of Batangas State University College of Engineering.Industry Analysis in Higher EducationAccording to Collis (1997), industry analysis is based on the concept that al l industries create value. The questions are what amount of value the industry can create and who captures the created value. The two forces that affect the size of the industry include threat of entry of new providers and threat of substitute products. On the other hand, the three forces that determine the division of the industry include power of buyers, power of suppliers, and the degree of rivalry. Together these five forces are considered contributory to the average profitability of an industry.Duczmal (2006) cited that some industries are inherently more profitable than others because of the distinct differences in their structure. In the analysis of higher education, the success of industry analysis lies in its focus at the various agents of change that operate directly or indirectly through the five forces. The framework considers the collective changes caused by the five forces, and how the resulting changes may reconfigure the higher education industry as a whole rather th an looking at the impact of the individual forces or drivers.Each public and private higher education institution always strives to gain a competitive advantage in the market. (Porter, 1980, 1998). Having a competitive advantage over other competing organizations attracts prospective sufficient students, and except generate state funding and tuition fee income, which is necessary for sustainable development. Porter distinguished two families of business concepts or strategies useful for industry analysis namely product differentiation strategy and efficiency or cost lead strategy.The first type of strategy refers to the idea that the organization is unique for it servesa particular market and offers products and services that are different fromthe products offered by other suppliers. In the second family of strategies, the advantage of the organization lies in its ability to produce its product in a less costly way as compared to its competitors. As further identified by Porter, s trategies can be directed towards either a full market or specific market segments. In some cases, targeting the broad market may lead to an increased added value and a better competitive position in the market (Duczmal, 2006).In the case of higher education applying focus strategy, universities and colleges concentrate on a narrow student or program segment, and within that segment they manage to develop the best offer and capture the students interests. This discourages other providers from competing directly. In this case, students have less choice and are left with fewer alternatives to choose from.On the other hand, a broad market-wide business concept suggests a broad market strategy, where the products offered caters to a wider market segments. Organizations choosing the broad market strategy can adopt the differentiation strategy or the cost leadership strategy, emphasizing bell first then availability. However, most often they will mix both strategies, offering low-cost p roducts to some consumer groups that emphasize the price first, and high-quality products to those consumers that are attracted by the send and quality of the products (Porter, 1980). Universities that consider a broad market strategy offer a wide range of programs, including those leading to bachelor, master or even doctorial degrees.They may offer varied modes of delivery, including full-time, part-time and evening-time programs. Their offer is targeted at a wide array of students groups from different economic classes. They also try to attract students from unsophisticated areas by opening branches in smaller non-academic cities. Higher education institutions that decide to adopt such a broad market strategy need to have diversified sources of financial resources in the form of state subsidies or large endowments, or donations (Duczmal, 2006).Porters Five Competitive Forces TheoryAccording to Porter (1980, 1985) and Porter and Millar (1985), as cited by Shin (2001), a firm dev elops its business strategies in order to obtain competitive advantage over its rivals. This is done by responding to five primary forces the threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing firms within an industry, the threat of substitute products or services, the bargaining power of suppliers, and the bargaining power of buyers (Figure 1). The threats of new entrants become a competitive force when they are new and render the same products and services. The easier it is for new companies to enter the industry, the more cutthroat competition there will be.Power of suppliers is the pressure suppliers can emerge on a business. If one supplier has a large enough impact to affect another companys offerings, definitely it becomes a competitive force to regard and then it holds substantial power. On the other hand, power of buyers is manifested by the pressure customers can place on a business. Businesses have to adopt strategies so that they provide requirements and demands of custome rs as they have impact to the success sustainability and profitability of the business.Availability of substitutes is a pressure as buyers will have the tendency to switch to another supplier with a competitive product or service. These forces help analyze the intensity of competition to the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. Figure 1 shows the interaction among the different competitive forces.In the context of Porters Five Competitive Forces, the study presupposed that these could also be adopted as assessment factors in determining the competitiveness of educational institutions. on this end, the forces were aligned so that they may appropriately be useful on the educational field. Supplier in the educational sector referred to faculty and curriculum.

Duke Ellington: the Music, Politics, and His Story Essay

Duke Ellington was a medicamental and semipolitical genius he was Americas besides original medicamental mind. He was non only a performer, just now a composer. He knowledgeable the craft of composing by observing early(a)s instead of disciplined study. atomic number 53 important f dressor of Ellingtons medicine was its relation to vague heritage and African American history. His symphonic symphony Black, browned, and ecru display the African American struggle in America. Not only did Ellington use his music to demo the struggle, voice, and triumph of black Americans, he used his professionalism, originality, persuasiveness, and political performances.Edward Kennedy Ellington was innate(p) in 1899 and compose, arranged, and performed music for the majority of his life. Ellington was born and put ind in a middle-class family in Washington D. C. , and that is where he early acquired his racial beliefs. During his ordain school historic period, an emphasis of ident ity, pride, and history was instilled in the minds of him and his classmates. He was taught to command respect, not demand it. This meant that he was to act and speak in a respectable manner if he expected to be respected. He counterbalance began taking piano lessons at the age of s make up but did not have p ruseicular sake in the trade at that time.In high school, he became interested in ragtime music. as well in his high school years, he acquired the nickname Duke because of his exotic choice of attire, and today, numerous another(prenominal) believe that is his essential name. At age sixteen, Ellington was inspired by a hot pianist and nail downd that he precious to be able to play like that. His knowledge of music was predominantly learned by ear, although he eventually learned to read music and took harmony lessons. Although he did have some music lessons, some of his musical mastery was self-taught by experimentation.Ellington became a professional pianist by the rema rkable age of seventeen. melody was not his only artistic interest he overly excelled at visual arts. He was awarded an art scholarship to the Pratt Institute, but he preferred to play gigs instead. Duke eventually started a halo of his own, originally containing only four players other than him. As the band expanded, he used the new members as resources to create a better product. Ellington and his band began a six-month residency at the New York Hurricane restaurant. There, he accompanied floor shows until he became the featured artist and broadcasted on the radio.In 1927 after the residency, he and his orchestra cognise as the Washingtonians moved to the cotton Club in Harlem. He and his band were said to have put the Cotton Club on the map. While at the Cotton Club, his music was often referred to as jungle music imputable to his bands trademark use of plunger mutes to create growling honests. Often while his orchestra played, there would also be a skit being performed t hat was nearly uncivil. At the Cotton Club, the families of African American performers had to baby-sit in a separate section of the audience.Although Ellington was upset by this, he continued to perform at the Cotton Club because it was his opportunity to enhance his career and hotity. Duke al bearings made sure that he and his band were dressed and behaved as gentleman in edict to represent African American pride, beauty, and artistic creation. Unlike other African American artists of the time, Ellingtons compositions were used for the sake of listening purposes, in comparison to just desktop music. Silence was demanded. People who broke the silence were given a warning and then asked to leave if they ignore that warning.This was the outgrowth time an African American band was regularly broadcasted nationally. As Dukes music gained popularity, this became many white Americans first encounter with African American music. A radio popularity poll concurred They are warm admi red by the white as the colored throng. One of Ellingtons most prominent composing techniques was that he composed parts for the particular individual in the band rather than the different instruments. When he wrote a composition, he did so with the characteristic sound of the soloist in mind. An example of a musician with a distinctive sound is greyback Hodges.Johnny Hodges was a member of Dukes orchestra who had complete independence of materialization, Ellington said. Ellington also stated that Hodges was the only man he knew who could pick up a cold bird of Minerva and still play in tune. The specific sound of the individual was so important to a plot that if a member was to leave, the composition would almost always be omitted. Solos were atypically transferred to another musician. When Ellington composed pieces, he only had his own band in mind. This is why his orchestras sound cannot be imitated without sounding wet down.The unique style and step qualities of the indi viduals made the orchestra nearly impossible to replicate. One thing that was often be amiss about Ellingtons career was that he had two of them bandleader and composer. He was famous for recording his own compositions as well as endorsements. He often composed music all through the night, and it has been said that he never went a day without composing something, whether it be a couple lines of a song or an entire piece. He would write music whenever and wherever he had the time to do it.Once, he even had to write a piece by the light of his band manager consecutively lighting matches. Ellington believed that music allowed him to express himself without reservation. Music, unlike words, provided Ellington with a way to express himself in a less controversial manner. It was a non-confrontational approach to expressing his beliefs to the world. In his compositions, he rarely wrote articulations, dynamics, or tempos. He expected the section leaders to decide the style indications. It is commonly know that Duke had finesse for placing an emphasis on colors in his compositions.The colors he used in the titles of his pieces often symbolized racial issues. He did a lot of experimenting with specter and color. Most of his music was instrumental and few incorporated lyrics. Some say his music is reminiscent of Bach. He mostly wrote unforesightful compositions with improvised solos, but when he did compose larger arrangements, they were often criticized for having a lack of inner coherence. He used the element of surprise instead of chorus succession to unify the arrangements. Ellington relied on sudden contrasts in theme, tempo, and key. He would also interchange swinging and non-swinging melodies.Some critics argued that his music should be danceable all of the time. Ellington clearly disagreed. Ellingtons compositions differed from other artists of his time because he employed a variety of instruments. Not only did he integrate a reed section, brass section, and rhythm section he featured a valve trombone, a sax trio, and a baritone saxophonist who unusually played high notes. The reed section often provided the melody rather than the typical brass section. Ellington would apply asymmetrical themes such as parallel saxophone parts and improvised piano parts.He eventually stopped referring to his music as jazz. He called it granting immunity of expression. Ellington wanted to express the struggle of the Negro in his music, We put the Negro feeling and purpose in our music. Although his message was very serious, his music generally uplifted and entertained audiences around the world. When Ellington wrote compositions, he allocated indisputable measures for improvised solos. While it may seem that all of the solos in Ellingtons pieces are improvised, he real composed the solos to seem as if they were improvised. This became known as preconceived improvisation.Only minor improvisations were allowed during the solos. In 1940, Ellington rea ched the peak of his compositional career. African American media deemed Duke Ellington the race man because he changed the jut out of African Americans in mass media. He was the first African American artist taken seriously without stereotypes. His music describe the life of black Americans. He exuded his love of Harlem through is compositions. He used color in his music to radiate his appreciation and understanding of African Americans. His early arrangements equal the struggle of blacks during the Great Depression.Ellington was a satisfying believer that music could undermine the labels associated with how African Americans dressed and acted. His concern with blacks being portrayed as primitive encouraged him to strive to create a new identity for blacks in America through music. Ellington learned at a young age that a positive demeanor was crucial in order to earn respect. Since he was taught this so early, he always tried to be professional and as effective as possible. He s poke of the significance of having a dignified stature and level of sophistication.Through radio, sound recordings, sheet music, advertising, and stagecraft Ellington changed peoples conceptions of race and culture. In his advertising techniques, he focused on creating an image of de sequestration. Black and white entertainers began to share advertising space, which was one step toward African American equality. His overall purpose was to conquer racial and cultural stereotypes in and out of the media. He was forced to break through the barriers of the Eurocentric idea that African American music was not a form of art. He stopped using minstrel stereotypes that he had previously used at the Cotton Club.By the 1930s, he had differentiated many stereotypes from reality. It was important to Ellington that his marketing approach attracted all races and classes. He eliminated some prejudice by proving that music has no race. He always made sure to articulate the achievements, history, and value or African American culture. He trusted that the most efficient manner to protest was to live and create in a way that undermined racial barriers and stereotypes. Ellington, contrasting from many other African American artists, succeeded without using the white-dominated recording style.He was really playing African American music and his pieces were on the record charts. Normally African American change of location performers struggled while on the road. Hotels and restaurants would not allow them. They would be physically and verbally attacked which often led to alcoholism. When Duke traveled in the South, he also brought two Pullman cars, a baggage car, lighting equipment, a stage, and an electrician. These assets made for a more secure trip. Ellington received the high honor of the Spingarn Medal which was the highest achievement for the American Negro.During his acceptance speech, he stated that he makes music for freedom. He later joined the Emergency Committee of the Entertainment Industry. This citizens committee was opposed to race riots and poor treatment of minorities. This group advertised on stage, screen, and radio. In 1929, he played at a benefit performance. The proceeds when to the memorial fund for Home for Negro Performers. Another political act he did was assisting Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. by acting during the Montgomery Bus Boycott to raise funds for the Montgomery Improvement Association.Duke was described as a symbol of power of multiracial appeal, the artistry and respect that African Americans could achieve, the money that could be made from the neglected African American market, and the possibility of a comfortable and mutually profitable meeting point for African Americans and whites. This quote explains how the integration of blacks and whites could be honest to society as a whole. When Ellington traveled internationally, he came to realize that jazz music was more popular outside of the United States of America t han inside.His overall goal of disproving African American stereotypes was a world project, not just a national project. He and his orchestra became the first jazz band to perform at Carnegie vestibule when they premiered Black, embrown, and chromatic. Ellingtons success created a new market for African American musicians. One of the first mixed race performances was Cotton Club Medley by Ellington. At this point in time, African American music had become a popular music genre. Racial lines were crossed within music advertising. White and black performers were featured on entertainment ads.Not only had Ellington become the most compose about celebrity in this phase of time, his earnings were in the five figures. At the age of sixty, Ellington composed and recorded a song with John Coltrane and Charles Mingus for a motion picture. In the 1960s, he was considered the best known musician and composer in the world. In 1964, he composed a piece to defend the termination of segregatio n and discrimination entitled Non-violent Integration. Listening to the music of Duke Ellington began to symbolize looking at African Americans in a new light. Ellingtons final works submitted his vision of music, peace, brotherhood, and love.Ellington said, The Negro is not merely a singing and dancing wizard but a loyal American in spite of his affable position. I want to tell America how the Negro feels about it. When he stated this, he denoted that black people were more than just a device for entertainment purposes they were American citizens. One of Duke Ellingtons hourlong and influential pieces was Black, brownness and Beige, which was composed and performed in 1943. Ellington described this work as a tone parallel to the history of the American Negro. This composition was established to portray the history of the Negro from Africa to the present.The title Black, Brown and Beige symbolized the different skin tones of African Americans. Each color in the title also equa l a different movement of the composition. When composing this work, Ellington incorporated music from the opera Boola and transformed it into a tone poem. He did not finish editing the arrangement until the day of his Carnegie Hall performance. This explains that Duke believed a piece could be altered numerous times in order to create a great product. Ellington and his orchestra premiered the full symphony, Black, Brown and Beige at Carnegie Hall in 1943.Five days later, they performed once again, only this time at Bostons Symphony Hall. These two performances became the only full performances of Black, Brown and Beige for many years to come. Duke decided to only play excerpts from the piece in the future. The six most popular excerpts were Work variant, Come Sunday, The Blues, West Indian Dance, Emancipation Celebration, and Sugar cumulus Penthouse. The premiere of the piece was deemed confusing and disappointing by critics. People who were not accustomed to Ellingtons musical s tyle were also perplexed by Black, Brown and Beige.Ellington and his band began performing sections of Black and Brown, but rarely performed sections of Beige until 1965. He refused to play Brown in its entirety because he claimed that people did not understand the important story behind it. Ellington often spoke of his message prior to performing a piece, also called programming. His first biographer, Ulanov, said that Black, Brown and Beige was more successful without programming. Ulanov also stated that people didnt need to know about the American Negro to understand the music. The first movement of Black, Brown and Beige, Black was worked at the most thoroughly of the movements. The first movement taken the sorrows and joys of the Negro when brought to America from Africa through work songs and spirituals. According the Ellington, the second movement, Brown, represented the recurring hopes and disappointments of blacks in America. It also symbolized the pain suffered through wh ippings, the bravery of the African Americans who attempted and/or succeeded at escaping, and the triumph of their emancipation. The exit movement, Beige, was said to be a vague and unfinished working of ideas.Originally, the stopping point of Black, Brown and Beige consisted of the lyrics, Were Black, Brown, and Beige, but were red, white, and blue. Although Ellington was advised to remove the line from the performance completely, he simply omitted it from the finale and instead, announced it in his programming prior to the final movement. This line was evidently very significant to Duke Ellington. It represented the point that although African Americans were different shades than white people, they were still Americans and deserved equal rights. Black, Brown and Beige was performed in segments for a few decades.The version recorded in 1958 was criticized because it was believed to have expanded the flaws of the original premiere at Carnegie Hall. During the 1958 recording, ther e were only four other musicians, excluding Ellington, remaining from the original orchestra that performed in 1943. These musicians were Ray Nance, Lawrence Brown, Johnny Hodges, and Harry Carney. Ellington took another large step toward presenting the African American struggle when he and his orchestra performed Black at the Festival of the American Arts in 1965. The audience included approximately four hundred members including electric chair Lyndon B. Johnson.

Criminal Procedure Essay

unrivalled whitethorn well ask How suffer you advocate breaking some laws and obeying early(a)s? The answer lies in the fact that there atomic number 18 two types of laws solely and un dependable. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a jural but, a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to decline unjust laws. Martin Luther King, Jr.Imagine a perfect society, where the population had a cadence set of rules and followed them. In that perfect society, everyone knew the rules down to a specific science hence, they knew how to obey said rules. Unfortunately in our time, we do not have a perfect society. Our civilization has lost the k at one timeledge of their rights unless either a.) laws were broken by an individual or b.) the individual is studying or examining lamentable law. Either way, our society unknowingly forfeits their rights in certain situations. On the new(prenominal) hand, there are law enforcement officers who have sworn to uphold these rights to happen their position. Some do not know themselves, when they have crossed the line of duty or profaned a right. It is up to us to break down and identify the validatedity and righteousness of the policeman metalworker & The Gold Pontiac situation we are presented with.Reasonable suspiciousness is a standard used in criminal procedure, more relaxed than seeming cause, that can justify less-intrusive searches. A logical suspicion exists when a reasonable soulfulness under the circumstances, would, based upon specific and articulable facts, suspect that a crime has been committed (Reasonable Suspicion, Cornell law of nature School depository library 2013). policeman metalworker geted all over a gold, older model Pontiac because she noticed tape on what she pretend to be broken. One might wonder why policeman Smith pulled the Pontiac over. In most states, the device number one wood is held accountable for faulty equipment of their fomite. Unless the tape is red, reflective and transparent, an officer has every right to pull the device device driver over and issue a ticket. In my own experience, it is highly likely for a police officer to pull someone over if there was an obstruction of a head or taillight. I myself have been pulled over for something similar in which I received a warning or ticket. On her way to the drivers window, Officer Smith remembers the description of a vehicle that was recently involved in a roadside killing of another police officer.That description fit with the Pontiac she had just pulled over. Officer Smith produce to ask the driver to get out of the vehicle so she may conduct a fast pat down for weapons. According to the Fourth Amendment, a justifiable search begins with reasonable suspicion. In this case, Officer Smith asks the driver to endure a stop and frisk. This means, the officer had the right to ask for a quick pat down of the drivers outer clothing in search of a weapon(s). In my belief, the drivers rights were not profaned and valid based on the officers request for a stop and frisk. Nothing illegal has happened between the two. If, during the pat down for weapons, the officer feels a weapon on the individual, the officer then has probable cause to conduct a complete search. (Roberson, Wallace & Stuckey, 2007 p.83)In our example, a weapon was not felt or found on the driver. Furthermore, Officer Smith has now conducted whats cognise as a terrycloth Stop. What is the difference between a terry Stop and the Stop and Frisk you ask? There isnt any significant difference. Prior to Terry Vs. Ohio (1968), a stop and frisk protected against illegitimate search and capture. Where as after, it is come to be known as constitutional according to circumstances where a reasonably suspicious officer has a valid concern for societies or his/her safety. After the Terry Stop, Officer Smith directed the driver to have a seat in the vehicle and asks for their driver license and registration. I would think that this procedure is pretty standard in identifying who the driver is and maybe writing out a ticket for the taillight tape. The driver had other plans and speeds away from Officer Smith without giving requested information. It is to my knowledge that Officer Smith has more than reasonable suspicion now. She has probable cause to believe that the driver was in fact, the killer from the incident shed comprehend about.With probable cause, Officer Smith proceeds to chase the Pontiac. The chase ends when the driver of the Pontiac hits a telephone pole. You may stop to ask me What is the difference between probable cause and reasonable suspicion? From my understanding of the two, probable cause is grounds for a warrant or for an arrest. Reasonable suspicion is not but, it may be grounds to further investigate or for a police officer to detain a someone or vehicle for further investigation (Florida State University right Review, Summer (2006), Vol. 33, Issue 4, 1239-1248). Im compelled to agree with officer Smith in this instance. The driver demonstrated reckless behavior, presenting exigent circumstances for Officer Smith to give chase to this vehicle. According to The Cornell Law Library, an exigent circumstance is a circumstance that requires an speedy response.It occurs when police officers believe they have probable cause and there is no time to obtain a warrant. ( glaring Circumstance), Cornell Law School Library 2013) Being that the chase ended with a severe crash, Officer Smith did respond immediately to the situation. Furthermore, our scenario goes on to explain that Officer Smith feared that the car might catch on fire from the leaking gas tank. She pulls out the driver from the vehicle and goes back to get her purse for identification. It is then that Officer Smith sees that the glove box has popped open and in it was a firearm with documents on top of it. We are asked to think about if the firearm was in plain view and if it was legally obtained? Since I am just a Criminal Justice student, I would have to say affirmative to both. I say that in full confidence because it is legal for an officer to enter a vehicle at the scene of an chance to assist without an issued search warrant. Without rummaging through the vehicles contents, the officer sees a weapon or narcotics. Even with the use of a flashlight, it is still considered legal.Just because something is hidden behind darkness, doesnt mean it wouldnt be seen during daylight, right? The other permissible circumstance regarding the plain view doctrine is, if the officer moves him or herself around to take a look. The object in plain view (without a thorough search) can be seized and is admissible state in administration. The fact that the gun was seen through the documentation clearly shows that it was in plain view and didnt have to be searched for. Officer Smith goes on to find the drivers purse. In an rende r to locate the drivers identification, she finds a baggie of Marijuana in the drivers purse. Although I do not believe that this will uphold as evidence in this case, it may present the driver with another set of charges against her. Perhaps the driver may get charged with possession of an illegal summation?However, I really feel that Officer Smith did not have the right to search for anything other than the drivers license, correct though she did find the Marijuana in the purse. In my studies it would be considered Fruit of the Poisonous manoeuver. Although Officer Smith was legally allowed to enter the vehicle without a search warrant and assist in identifying the driver, I believe that the retrieval of the cannabis will not be permissible in court for the reasons Ive stated above. Our scenario also goes on to state that it was later found that this vehicle was not the vehicle involved in the death of the officer. It also states that it was determined that the taillight was no t in fact broken.One might question or argue at this point in time, whether the entire scenario is justifiable or necessary? From my point of view it was entirely correct. The officer had a valid reason to pull the car over. She had reasonable suspicion for a Terry Stop. Her reasonable suspicion then turned to probable cause when the driver fled the cognizance without presenting the officer with what shed asked for. The officer then acted within a responsible manner to help the driver out of the crashed vehicle. After all, law enforcement is there to protect and serve our community. The firearm was in plain smokestack of the officer while she tried to locate the drivers identification. Nothing except the search and seizure of the contents of the purse violated the rights of the driver nor incriminated the police officer.It is in my belief that Officer Smith couldve called for rilievo or help once she found the scene of the accident. She couldve taken the purse out of the vehicle and even seized the gun. However, she had time to obtain a warrant to search the purse. In instances like we have just gone through, it is interesting to see just how knowledgeable each player is with their rights and responsibilities. We see these cases often in the news program and some do not even make it to trial because either a right was violated or a piece of evidence was gathered with some mistake made in obtaining it. take overt interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties.- President Abraham LincolnReferencesExigent Circumstance Def.1, In Legal Information Institute, Cornell Univeristy Law School Libarary. Retrieved February 13, 2013, fromhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/exigent_circumstancesPlain View Doctrine Def.1, In Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School Library. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/plain_view_doctrineReasonable Suspicion Def.1. In Le gal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School Library. Retrieved February 13, 2013, from http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/reasonable_suspicionStuckey, G., Roberson, C., & Wallace, H., (2006). Procedures in the Justice System (8th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall.Florida State University Law Review, Summer (2006), Vol. 33, Issue 4, 1239-1248, Retrieved February 14, 2013, from http//www.heinonline.org.lib.kaplan.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/flsulr33&div=61

Monster Walter Dean Myers

Monster, by Walter Dean Myers, is nearly a 16 social class old Harlem boy named Steve Harmon. Steve gets tried for murder in a court of law because he supposedly was involved in the burglary/shooting of Mr. Nesbit, the convenience store clerk on December 22. Steve is wrongfully arrested, and spends sequence in jail awaiting his verdict, which he is build innocent for after a long trial. While in prison, Steve stray his time to good use and wrote a play word for word based on his trial. This book falls under the theme of stories that expose limits.This is true because Steve lost all hope in his case, and thought that he will be found guilty for the murder of Mr. Nesbit however he found thestrength to push through and regain his confidence. Steves main inspiration was his family because he does not want to look easy in their eyes, especially his younger brother. In addition, Steve has to live in prison for a few months awaiting his verdict he has to keep up a tough attitude to ge t through the daily occurrences of beat-downs, harassment and corruption.Prison is even worse for an inmate when they are truly innocent. Steve Harmon is a very strong soul for being able to push through this whole trial without going over the edge he coped with everything and kept sane by writing his play. Steve Harmon portrays the fear of a teenager who is in prison and portrays a confident teenager who is strong enough to pull through any adversity while having his military personnel thrown upside down.He portrays fear of ones life in prison because the whole book he is trying to get out of prison and to nourish his life back. He also convinces his lawyer of his naturalness and the fact that he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. If Steve Harmon had not put any effort in, or did not convince his lawyer he was innocent, he would have decay for his whole life in a 6 by 8 foot cell. Steve Harmon portraysconfidence because he invariably believed in his innocence, and would stop at nothing to convince others.Steves family and lawyer, Kathy OBrien, motivated Steve to believe in himself because they believed that he could neer commit a heinous crime such as murder. I can relate to Steve Harmon because when I was elementary school I did not have much confidence in myself. For example, when I would be in plays I did not like to be on stage and perform. When Steve started his trial he didnt have muchconfidence in himself either. Steve Harmon had such little confidence he thought he was guilty even though he was not.As time progressed, I felt much more confident in myself to communicate certain risks, try new stuff and make my voice heard. I can thank my parents and friends for this accomplishment. My parents would eternally encourage me to try new things, speak out, and always tell me I am the best. Steve Harmon gained hisconfidence from his friends and family also, his lawyer always telling him he is going to be ok and he will be tried innocen t. What this taught me about myself is family is the most important thing in your life and they can only make your life better.

Metacognitive Skills

Metacognition refers to learners automatic awargonness of their own knowledge and their ability to understand, control, and evade their own cognitive borderes. 2 Metacognitive acquisitions are important non only in school, barely throughout life. For example, Mumford (1986) says that it is essential that an good manager be a somebody who has learned to learn. He describes this person as one who knows the stages in the process of learning and understands his or her own preferred approaches to it a person who can identify and cook the best blocks to learning and can bring learning from off-the-job learning to on-the-job situations.As you read this section, do non worry astir(predicate) distinguishing between metacognitive achievements and some of the early(a) terms in this chapter. Metacognition overlaps heavily with some of these some other terms. The terminology simply supplies an additional intakeful way to look at thought processes. Metacognition is a relatively new field, and theorists have not yet settled on conventional terminology. However, most metacognitive research go within the following categories 1. Meta reminiscence. This refers to the learners awareness of and knowledge about their own repositing systems and strategies for using their memories tellingly.Metamemory includes (a) awareness of unlike memory strategies, (b) knowledge of which strategy to use for a particular memory t crave, and (c) knowledge of how to use a given memory strategy most in force(p)ly. 2. Metacomprehension. This term refers to the learners ability to monitor the degree to which they understand cultivation cosmos communicated to them, to recognize failures to comprehend, and to rent repair strategies when failures are identified. Learners with poor metacomprehension skills often finish reading passages without dismantle knowing that they have not understood them.On the other hand, learners who are more adept at metacomprehension will check for confus ion or inconsistency, and undertake a corrective strategy, such as rereading, relating assorted parts of the passage to one another, looking for topic sentences or summary paragraphs, or relating the current discipline to prior knowledge. (See Harris et al. , 1988 add more) 3. Self-Regulation. This term refers to the learners ability to marque adjustments in their own learning processes in retort to their perception of feedback regarding their current status of learning.The concept of ego-regulation overlaps heavily with the previous two terms its focus is on the ability of the learners themselves to monitor their own learning (without external stimuli or persuasion) and to maintain the attitudes requirement to invoke and employ these strategies on their own. To learn most effectively, students should not only understand what strategies are available and the purposes these strategies will serve, but also perplex capable of adequately selecting, employing, monitoring, and eva luating their use of these strategies. (See Hallahan et al. , 1979 Graham & Harris, 1992 Reid & Harris, 1989, 1993. In addition to its obvious cognitive components, metacognition often has important affective or personality components.For example, an important part of comprehension is approaching a reading task with the attitude that the topic is important and worth comprehending. Being aware of the importance of a positive attitude and deliberately fostering such an attitude is an example of a metacognitive skill. In the preceding paragraph, metacognition has been described as a conscious awareness of ones own knowledge and the conscious ability to understand, control, and manipulate ones own cognitive processes.This is not quite accurate but its difficult to define metacognition more accurately. (Its easier to bakshis out examples of metacognitive activity than to define what it is. ) It would be more accurate to say that metacognitive strategies are almost forever potentially c onscious and potentially controllable (Pressley, Borkowski, & Schneider, 1987). For example, good readers automatically (unconsciously) employ metacognitive strategies to focus their attention, to derive meaning, and to realise adjustments when something goes wrong.They do not think about or label these skills while performing them but if we ask them what they were doing that was successful, they can unremarkably describe their metacognitive processes accurately. In addition, when serious businesss arise as when there is a distraction, when they opposition extremely difficult or contradictory text, or when they have to advise someone else regarding the same skill they slow down and become consciously aware of their metacognitive activity.While it is occasionally useful to consciously speculate on ones metacognitive processes and while it useful to make learners aware of these processes while they are trying to acquire them, these skills become most effective when they become overlearned and automatic. If these skills were not automatic and unconscious, they would occupy some of the effort of the working memory and this would have the result of making reading, listening, and other cognitive activities less efficient.Therefore, like any other skill that becomes automatic and requires minimal activity in the working memory, metacognitive skills work best when they are overlearned and can master unconsciously. Learners with good metacognitive skills are able to monitor and direct their own learning processes. Like galore(postnominal) other processes, metacognitive skills are learned by go foring principles from almost every other chapter in this accommodate. When learning a metacognitive skill, learners typically go through the following steps (Pressley, Borkowski, & Schneider, 1987) 1. They establish a motivation to learn a metacognitive process.This occurs when both they themselves or someone else points gives them reason to believe that there would be some benefit to knowing how to apply the process. (Motivation is discussed in chapter 5). 2. They focus their attention on what it is that they or someone else does that is metacognitively useful. This proper focusing of attention puts the necessary information into working memory (Chapter 6). Sometimes this focusing of attention can occur through poser (Chapter 12), and sometimes it occurs during personal experience. 3. They talk to themselves about the metacognitive process.This talk can arise during their interactions with others, but it is their talk to themselves that is essential. This self talk serves several purposes oIt alters them to understand and encode the process (Chapter 6). oIt enables them to practice the process (Chapter 3). oIt enables them to obtain feedback and to make adjustments regarding their effective use of the process (Chapters 3 and 12). oIt enables them to transfer the process to new situations beyond those in which it has already been employ (Cha pters 3 and 6). 4. Eventually, they begin to use the process without even being aware that they are doing so.This process usually represents a high-level implementation of the phases of learning and instruction described by Gagne and discussed in Chapter 3 of this book. When teachers substitute to serve up students develop a metacognitive process, they often use the scaffolded instruction strategies described in chapter 12. In addition, the techniques of cooperative learning and peer tutoring (discussed in Chapter 15) often provide opportunities for students to talk to others about their thought processes and it is often the process of formulating thoughts in order to express them to others that leads to metacognitive development (Pia occur, 1964).Finally, it is interesting to note an important relationship between the higher(prenominal) order skills of metacognition and the basic or factual skills that may be a part of a particular proposition unit of instruction. Students typica lly learn metacognitive skills while they are involved in learning something else. If they are to do this successfully, it is extremely important that the learners have overlearned the prerequisite content knowledge for the subject matter topic being studied.If that prerequisite knowledge has not been mastered to a sufficient level of automaticity, then the working memory of the learner will be overwhelmed by the subject matter and the result will be no time for metacognitive reflection. For example, when children who have largely mastered the prerequisite skills try to solve a word problem in arithmetic, they can afford to talk to themselves about what they are doing, because their working memory is not in all occupied with other demands. That is, well prepared children will have time for metacognitive practice.On the other hand, when children who are missing some of these prerequisite skills try to solve the same problem, their working memory is likely to be totally occupied wit h a frantic need to find the basic skills and facts needed to solve the problem. If this is the case, they not only have solved the problem less effectively but they also have curt or no time for practicing or developing metacognitive skills. When teachers and parents try to help students, it is important not to do too much thinking for them.By doing their thinking for the children they wish to help, adults or knowledgeable peers may make them experts at seeking help, rather than expert thinkers. On the other hand, by setting tasks at an usurp level and prompting children to think about what they are doing as they successfully complete these tasks, adults can help children become independent and successful thinkers (Biemiller & Meichenbaum, 1992). In other words, it is often better to say, What should you do next? and then to prompt the children as necessary, instead of simply telling them what to do.The preceding paragraph describes how the intellectual rich get richer and the p oor get poorer. Knowledge of factual information and basic skills provides a foundation for developing metacognitive skills and metacognitive skills enable students to master information and solve problems more easily. If teachers hope to help low-performing students break out of their intellectual imprisonment, they moldiness find a way to help them develop both an automatic grasp of basic skills and effective metacognitive skills to enable self-directed learning.Misconceptions with regard to specific subject matter were discussed in Chapters 4 and 6. Wittrock (1991) notes that learners misconceptions about learning-to-learn skills and about metacognitive strategies are also a critical source of learning problems. For example, a student who adheres to a impression that the best way to learn scientific concepts is to repeat the definitions ten times each night to begin with going to bed is not as likely to come to an understanding of these concepts as a person who has a more effect ive conception of how to master these concepts.Finally, note that a major purpose of this book is to help you develop your metacognitive skills. In chapter 1 I suggested that you apply various strategies while reading this book. If you have done so, there is a good chance that by now you understand the rationale of many of these principles and can see how they contribute to your own learning. By becoming consciously aware of these strategies and how they work, you will not only be able to use these principles to teach others more effectively, youll also be able to use them to monitor and improve your own thought processes. Thats metacognition