Love and sex in Geoge Orwell’s novel “1984” Essay

George Orwell’s novel 1984 explores intimate human relationships in a bleak futuristic society as experienced by protagonist Winston Smith. Since there are few bonds stronger than those developed from loving relationships among family, friends, and lovers, the only entity acceptable to love in Oceania is the face of the Party, Big Brother. This restriction is necessary to achieving complete power and control over its citizens, as the Party must dissolve all loyalties derived through love, sex, and family and redirect them upon itself. By destroying trust the Party has â€Å"cut the links between child and parent, and between man and man, and between man and woman†(220). To train the citizens of Oceania for complete submission and devotion to Big Brother and the Party the family bond has been completely devalued, as â€Å"No one dares trust a wife or a child or a friend any longer.†(220) The Junior Spies are an organization in which children have become the police and denouncers of their parents in the name of Big Brother. By this means, the Party has managed to wedge itself between one of the most powerful instinctual bonds to turn parental devotion into fear and children into faithful machines of the Party as an extension of the Thought Police. Parsons’ remark â€Å"In fact I’m proud of her. It shows I brought her up in the right spirit, anyway†(193) in response to his daughter’s betrayal, clearly portrays the Party’s influence in the family institution. Not only does the daughter value the Party’s approval more than her father’s life, but also Parsons’ appropriate response is to be gra teful for the betrayal and to those who enforce it. The betrayal of the family bond is a common theme in 1984. Orwell illustrates how weak that loyalty has become with the skull-faced man’s desperate begging to watch his wife and children’s throats be slit as an alternative to the Ministry of Love’s room 101 with a complete lack of â€Å"private loyalties†(136). Winston’s memories of his mother’s love â€Å"in a time when there were still privacy, love, and friendship, and when the members of a family stood by one another without needing to know the reason†(28) confront his suspicions that to â€Å"remain human†, one was â€Å"not loyal to a party or a country or an idea, they were loyal to one another†(136). Technically, consorting with prostitutes is forbidden, but it seems to be tacitly encouraged just the same, as a means of relieving natural tensions. The more serious crime involves relations between Party members. The Party does not wish to allow the development of loyalties to any other acts or persons than itself, so it tends to deny permission of marriage to couples who appear attracted to one another, and it campaigns actively against sex as anything other than a slightly disagreeable duty whose sole purpose is propagation of the species. The Party feeds off the hysteria produced from sexual privation, as it is conveniently transformed into â€Å"war fever and leader worship†(110). Through its control of marriages and sexual mores, the Party resembles a conservative religious institution. By attempting to control people’s loyalties and loves, and redirect those towards itself, the Party posits itself as the end and the ultimate salvation. Katharine even calls sex â€Å"our duty to the Party,† and it is a weekly ritual almost like a martyrdom, in which both she and Winston are uncomfortable but must suffer through it anyway. Clearly, Winston’s desire to have a woman of his own with whom sex could be pleasurable is yet another instance of his heretical tendencies. It does not seem something that he has experienced yet, since his encounter with the prostitute was somehow dirtying in every sense. His desire to evoke desire is itself thoughtcrime, and part of his overall rebellion against the world he lives in. . The Junior Anti-Sex League is one of the propaganda organizations used to control desire and teach sexual orthodoxy. The Party’s sexual puritanism is due to the fact that â€Å"the sex instinct creates a world of it’s own†(110) and is therefore out of the Party’s control and must be destroyed; â€Å"The sex instinct will be eradicated. Procreation will be an annual formality like the renewal of a ration card. We shall abolish the orgasm†(220). The sex instinct is dangerous to the Party and makes a â€Å"direct, intimate connection between chastity and political orthodoxy†(111). Sex is an act of outright rebellion, as all enjoyable sex must be in a society where the act is  supposed to be free of pleasure. In this sense Winston’s affair with Julia is a political act against the Party, which is part of the attraction. Perhaps the greatest crime they commit is declaring love for someone as an individual, someone who is separate from t he Party. Love, the clear anti-thesis to everything the Party stands for, has heavily ironic meaning in 1984. The language along with the emotion is manipulated by the Party to gain control of the people. The Ministry of Love, for example, â€Å"concerns itself with torture†, and the destruction of the individual is referred to as â€Å"love for Big Brother†. Winston battles to discover his humanity by equating the ability to feel love with the essence of being human. Winston progresses from seeing Julia as an outlet for his political unorthodoxy and his sexual energy, to seeing her as a companion, linked to him in a marriage of love. As long as Winston loves Julia, and what she represents to him, he is able to believe in himself and his humanity enough to hate Big Brother. Once he betrays that love, he violates his own humanity and can no longer love another human; â€Å"All you care about is yourself†(240). The Party, through Winston’s betrayal of Julia, has cut another link to loyalty derived by love and redirected it upon itself. Winston is left a shell of a man having â€Å"won the victory over himself† and learned to love Big Brother (245). The goal of the Party is to wipe out the individual; â€Å"There will be no loyalty, except loyalty toward the Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother.†(220) In 1984 Orwell warns about the future of man who is doomed to lose his individualness without love and loyalty. Family, sex, and love are the anchors that hold the emotions of human essence to our individual selves, resulting in â€Å"Ownlife.†

Minority Representation

There are a number of places where the rationale behind having minority representation in any legislative or judicial sitting is asked for. There are a number of reasons why this could be mad important and essential for the betterment of the society and this is why the activity is usually practiced by several countries. Minority is defined in a number of ways. â€Å"The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sub-group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has less power (whether political or economic) than a dominant group.† (Wikipedia, 2007[1]) Minority representation is an important part of any legal formation because there are a number of countries that practice this. â€Å"Minority party is a term describing the party in a legislature that does not hold a majority. In the United States Congress, it is led by the minority leader. (Wikipedia, 2007[2]) The United States of America is known for having a minority party within its congress and any other legal formation because the minority party would then carry the interests of the minority group and they would help the issues that are faced by such people top be brought out into the open to the majority of the country. The majority party would not always be the one to stress upon a certain point or a event that should be achieved but rather there must be a few people who must work with the majority in order to explain them the benefits and the harm that may be faced by the people if such a thing takes place. The minority must be allowed to speak up on any important account because then their interests must also be heard and so that the minority groups are ensured not be suppressed over the other groups that are in majority. However, in a few countries, there are minority parties that are not provided all the representation that they need such as â€Å"The Minority Party (Minoritetspartiet) is a political party in Denmark without parliamentary representation.† (Wikipedia, 2007[3]) Such countries do not allow the voice of the minorities to be heard. Of course, there can be a rationale provided that not all minority parties can be provided with representation; else the place for the majority parties would reduce. Hence, there could be a system where only those minority parties that are deemed important in the legislation or another group must be invited. Who must decide the importance of the groups is a major issue because there could be a number of riots and arguments about the decisions that will be taken. Hence, there must be a way for the government of the authority to ensure that the parties needed are not left out. This is a great responsibility to ensure that the minorities are also allowed to take part in several groups and discussions for the betterment of the country so that in case there is a point or piece of fact that the majority groups are forgetting to analyze, the minority group could think about it and let them know. The minority group will not be a burden on the groups or discussions but rather could be a means to establishing a better society and a country that is acceptable to all and that there are no riots or demonstrations against what the citizens have to say against the government for the decisions that have been taken. References Wikipedia. (2007). Minority. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority Wikipedia. (2007). Minority Party. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_party [1] Wikipedia. (2007). Minority. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority   [2] Wikipedia. (2007). Minority Party. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_party [3] Wikipedia. (2007). Minority Party. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_party

Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery

When undergoing surgery, most patients dont consider that they could leave the hospital with foreign objects in their bodies. Research studies indicate that thousands of incidents (4,500 to 6,000) of this type happen each year in the United States alone. Retained surgical instruments after surgery can cause a number of serious health issues and may even lead to death. Leaving foreign objects in a patients body is a mistake that could be avoided with the implementation of extra safety precautions. 15 Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery Depending on the type of surgery, surgeons are estimated to use over 250 types of surgical instruments and tools during a single procedure. These objects are difficult to keep track of during surgery and are sometimes left behind. The types of surgical objects commonly left inside a patient after surgery include: spongesscalpelsscissorstowelsdrain tipsneedlesguide wiresclampstweezersforcepsscopessurgical masksmeasuring devicessurgical glovestubes The most common objects left inside a patient are needles and sponges. Sponges, in particular, are difficult to keep track of as they are used to soak up blood during surgery and tend to blend in with the patients organs and tissues. These incidences happen most often during abdominal surgery. The most common areas in which surgical objects are left inside a patient are the abdomen, vagina, and the chest cavity. Why Objects Get Left Behind Surgical objects are unintentionally left inside a patient for a number of reasons. Hospitals typically rely on nurses or technicians to keep track of the number of sponges and other surgical tools used during surgery. Human error comes into play as incorrect counts can be made due to fatigue or chaos as a result of a surgical emergency. Several factors can increase the risk that an object may be left behind after surgery. These factors include unexpected changes that occur during surgery, the patients body mass index is high, multiple procedures are needed, procedures involving more than one surgical team, and procedures involving greater blood loss. Consequences of Leaving Objects Behind The consequences of having surgical tools left inside a patients body vary from harmless to fatal. Patients may go for months or years not realizing that they have foreign surgical objects within their bodies. Sponges and other surgical implements can lead to infection, severe pain, digestive system problems, fever, swelling, internal bleeding, damage to internal organs, obstructions, loss of part of an internal organ, prolonged hospital stays, additional surgery to remove the object or even death. Cases of Objects Left Inside Patients Examples of surgical objects being left inside patients include: A patient in a Wisconsin hospital was undergoing cancer surgery and a 13-inch surgical retractor was left inside his abdomen.A six-inch metal surgical clamp was left in a mans abdomen (behind his liver) following intestinal surgery in California. Even more astonishing is that this was the second time that a clamp was left inside this same patient after surgery.Surgical scissors were left inside a woman who had undergone uterine cancer surgery.A surgical glove was left inside a woman who had undergone a hysterectomy.A two-inch scalpel was left inside the abdomen of a man who was having heart bypass surgery. Prevention Methods Large surgical instruments are not commonly left inside patients. Retained surgical sponges make up the vast majority of objects left behind after surgery. Some hospitals are using sponge-tracking technology to ensure that these items are detected and not left inside a patient. The sponges are bar-coded and scanned when they are used to reduce the risk of an inaccurate count. They are scanned again after surgery to ensure that there are no discrepancies. Another type of sponge-tracking technology involves radio-frequency tagged sponges and towels. These items can be detected by an x-ray while the patient is still in the operating room. Hospitals that use these types of surgical object tracking methods have reported a drastic reduction in the rate of reported retained surgical objects. Adopting sponge-tracking technology has also proven to be more cost-effective for hospitals than having to perform additional surgeries on patients to remove retained surgical objects. Sources Eisler, Peter. â€Å"What Surgeons Leave behind Costs Some Patients Dearly.† USA Today. Gannett, 08 Mar. 2013. Web. 6 July 2016. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/08/surgery-sponges-lost-supplies-patients-fatal-risk/1969603/.Williams, T. Tung, D. et al. Retained Surgical Sponges: Findings from Incident Reports and a Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiofrequency Technology. J Am Coll Surg. 2014 Sep;219(3):354-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.03.052. Epub 2014 May 10.

A Literature Review Of Complimentary Therapies With Arthritis

A Literature Review of Complimentary Therapies with Arthritis Elizabeth Kyle, David Lee, Jethro De Vera Loma Linda University School of Nursing NRSG 429 Nursing Reseasrch Eileen Fry-Bowers June 8, 2015 Introduction Arthritis is a disease process that many people are affected by today. It is defined as, â€Å"painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints†. Within arthritis, there are two different types of this inflammatory disease; osteoarthritis, which is the result of, bones rubbing together due to loss of synovial fluid and rheumatoid arthritis which is caused by an autoimmune disease process. There are many different treatment options available from over the counter medication to powerful prescription medication.†¦show more content†¦Over all , the trend that we noticed was that most patients preferred cold therapy over heat therapy, but in most cases, when both aspects were utilized, they yielded a better result. Research Because pain is the main issue that we are looking at absolving, we wanted to look at how patients reacted to pain. Yvonne C. Lee et al. looked at pain sensitivity and pain reactivity in osteoarthritis. The purpose of the study was to assess the experimental pain sensitivity and compare the inflammatory response to pain in 26 OA patients and 33 age-and sex-matched controls from the general population. The methods consisted of participants undergoing psychophysical pain testing to assess pain sensitivity in response to heat, cold and mechanical stimuli. â€Å"Blood samples were taken at baseline and four time points after testing to determine the effect of acute pain on C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.† (Lee et al., 2011) They found that patients with osteoarthritis had lower pressure pain thresholds (P ≠¤ 0.003) and higher heat pain ratings (P ≠¤ 0.04) than controls across multiple body sites. Patients had higher CRP levels than the controls (P = 0.007). â€Å"CRP levels did not change in response to pain testing. Although not statistically significant, patients tended to have higher interleukin

Brilliant Folly the Role of Feste - 1120 Words

In William Shakespeare s comedy Twelfth Night, it is ironic how many times the fool is said to be dishonest, when, in fact, his role proves entirely opposite. Though sometimes the characters do not realize his hidden messages, the reader can instantly comprehend Feste s figurative language, which is evident in every scene in which the fool appears. Whether he is singing to Orsino, arguing with Malvolio, or playing around with Viola, Feste always manages to sneak in a few symbolic foretokens before his exit. His keen eye and fast wit help him to actively partake in the portrayal of the story, however, the fool is merely present to express that which cannot be fully expressed through the lines of other characters. Through his songs,†¦show more content†¦Feste s common, witty remarks show the reader many significant truths about life in Illyria, and she can also apply them to her own experiences. Feste s quick ability to play on the words of others also helps him illustrate his views on many subjects. After Olivia commands the fool be taken away because he is dry, meaning not amusing, Feste slyly twists her words with a good pun. For give the dry fool drink, then is / the Fool not dry (1.5.41-42). His artfulness amuses Olivia, and the fool is allowed to stay. Also, while they are speaking to each other, Feste and Viola hold a conversation consisting entirely of wordplay. Viola: Save the, friend, and thy music. Dost thou live by the tabor? Fool: No, sir, I live by the church. Viola: Art thou a churchman? Fool: No such matter, sir. I do live by the church, for I do live at my house, and my house doth stand by the church (3.1.1-7). Here, the fool s words help Viola realize how important diction is, and also how deceiving it can be. This awareness helps her to choose her words more carefully from that point on. Though his reasons for using puns vary each time, their collective message is best summed up by Feste himself when he states, A sentence is/ but a chevril glove to a good wit. How quickly the/ wrong side may be turned outward (3.1.11-13). Through Feste s clever use of language, he takes on a role separate from his character. Although he partakes in

Primary Health Care Reform

Question: Discuss about thePrimary Health Care Reform. Answer: Introduction Primary health care (PHC) can be described as the first level or point of contact of the communities, individuals, and families with the health and medical care system. The PHC or primary health care in Australia incorporates the concept of personal care in association with the health promotion, community development, and prevention of illness. It also consists of various interconnecting principles of access, equity, empowerment, collaboration in the inter-sectors, and communitys self-determination (Regmi, 2012). The PHC in Australia encompasses the knowledge and understanding of the economic, social, political, and cultural determinants of health. According to the world Health Organization, PHC can be defined as an essential and necessary health care, which is based on the scientifical, practical, and socially acceptable technology and methods. These healthcare services are accessible to each and every individual, families, and community via their full participation, as well as, at an expense that the country and its community can afford for maintaining their development (Gauld, 2011). Hence, PHC is the first stage of contact with the national healthcare system and hence, aids in bringing the health care services to the people and community where they live and work, thereby, constituting the first parameter of a continuing process of health care. The main purpose of this report is to discuss the primary health care reform in Australia along with its objectives, benefits, and strategy for improving the healthcare services. Primary Health Care Reform in Australia Primary Healthcare and its Importance: The research has shown that both in Australia, as well as, in overseas a strong recognition is made that improving and strengthening the way of providing the primary health care is vital and crucial for determining the status of the healthcare system and for analyzing how well the current healthcare systems responds to the emerging and current pressures. Moreover, it has been observed that the health systems which are having strong and effective primary health care tends to be more efficient, with lower rates and incidents of hospitalisation, better outcomes of health of the individuals, fewer health-related inequalities, and lower rates of mortality in comparison to those systems that do not have primary health care (Jackson Hambleton, 2016). The strong and efficient primary health care system improves the outcomes related to the patients health, reduces the expenses and costs, increases the satisfaction of the patient, as well as, reduces the health inequities in the healthcare se tting. As primary health care is a fundamental and important aspect in maintaining the health status and efficiency of healthcare services, various reforms related to the primary health care have been established and followed by various countries and their healthcare systems (Millar Beardall, 2001). Primary Health Care Reforms in Australia: For better understanding and knowledge of the Australias current status and position of health care and what changes are needed, the understanding of the development of the primary health care sector, its function and roles, performance and interaction, and component parts is very important. In Australia, the primary health care is delivered via Commonwealth, territory and state government and private funding, as well as, privately and publicly delivered services. It has been observed that various programs and reforms have been developed for increasing the provision of healthcare services and for overcoming the barriers of the healthcare practice in Australia (Nicholson, Jackson, Marley, Wells, 2012). For instance, Medicare was established in October 1984 in Australia with the intent of providing a fair, affordable, and simple insurance system, which provided the coverage of basic health to all the Australians, and was built on the existing billing arrangements of the fee-for-servic e. Moreover, the Australian Government in the year 1973 formulated the Community Health Program. The main aim of the program was the development of a coordinated network of services and facilities for primary health care. It was designed to be locally managed centers of healthcare that operate on the healths social model and consists of multi-disciplinary teams for responding to various kinds health problems in the community. The main aspect of the program was the provision of the primary medical care. Further, the development of the National Primary Health Care Strategic Framework by the Australian government was for tackling the health-related challenges and issues of the 21st century. It underpins the view of comprehensive primary health care and extends beyond the focus of 'general practice' related to the traditional responsibility of the Australian Government (Oliver-Baxter, Brown, Dawda, 2016). National Healthcare Reform in Australia and its Main Objectives: The National Healthcare Reform agenda was achieved and established in August 2011 after long-term negotiations amongst the States and the Commonwealth. The main principles that underpin the National Healthcare Reform includes making of local decisions within overall systems management, funding based on activity for hospitals, as well as, reporting of public performance. The National Healthcare Reform describes the shared understanding and intention of the Commonwealth, as well as, the territory and state governments for working in collaboration to improve the outcomes of health for all the Australians along with ensuring the Australian health systems sustainability. Hence, the National Healthcare Reform agenda identifies and underpins the long-term goals and objectives of the State and Territory governments, and the Commonwealth (Davis Somers, 2011). The main objectives of this reform is prevention, which means that Australians are born healthy and should remain healthy, primary, as well as, community health, which indicates that each and every Australian should receive appropriate and necessary affordable and high-quality community and primary health services, hospital and its associated care, which means that every Australian should receive required and appropriate hospital care, and provision of aged care for ensuring that the older Australians gets high and affordable aged health care services. Moreover, the National Healthcare Reform also has the objective of improving patients experience, which means that each and every Australian should gain positive health care experiences and should have a sustainable system of healthcare services. Further, the objective of the reform is improving Indigenous Health and promoting their social inclusion (Stitt Aranha, 2012). Budgeting: According to the National Healthcare Reform, the Commonwealth, as well as, the States and Territories will be involved in joint funding of public hospitals, mental health services, public health activities, sub-acute care, health services related to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, training of the health workforce, health research, blood and related products, and emergency responses. Moreover, besides joint funding, the States, and Territories will be involved in the funding of community health, food safety and its regulation, capital infrastructure, ambulance services, service planning, disability services, and environmental health. Further, the Commonwealth besides joint funding will also fund access to pharmaceuticals, access to the private medical and health care, access to health insurance, aged care services, education and training of health professionals, health services related to the eligible veterans, vaccines purchasing under the arrangements of national immuniza tion, as well as, community controlled health care services of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Moreover, in the year 2016?17, it is estimated that the Commonwealth will be involved in providing funding about $18.7 billion for supporting the State health services, involving $17.9 billion in the funding of the National Health Reform and about $811.5 millions in payments of National Partnership. As the funding of the National Health Reform is estimated around $17.9 billion in the year 2016-2017, there is an increase of about 6.2% or $1.0 billion from the year 2015?16, which excludes the adjustment for the outcomes in the year 2014?15 (Budget.gov.au, 2016). Strategic Implications of the National Health Reform: The National Healthcare Reform agenda was focused on the collaboration of the Commonwealth, as well as, state governments and territory governments for working together to facilitate the sustainability and improvement of the primary health care system. The main goal and objectives of the agenda were to ensure safe and effective services for the patients in the healthcare setting and improving the patients health outcomes (Sweet, 2011).The strategic implications of the reform is focused on building a patient-focused primary health care system, improvement of the healthcare services access and reduction of healthcare inequity, increasing the focus on prevention and promotion of the health of Australians, screening, as well as, early interventions, improvement of the quality, performance, safety, and accountability of the healthcare services. For achieving these outcomes, the strategies adopted by the reform is establishment of formal planning and protocols between local hospital networ ks and Medicare Locals, identification of the health requirements of the individuals in different groups, development of interventions and plans, development of the multidisciplinary teams, maximizing the opportunities of Electronic Health Records, and undertaking the evaluation and research for identifying the best utilization of the technologies and healthcare services for improving the primary health care (Veronesi, Harley, Dugdale, Short, 2014). Opportunities for Further Development: The joint funding of both the governments is a complex and fragmented responsibilities, hence, this is the area for further development in the National Healthcare Reform. Though the fragmented system of funding by the two governments have been reformed by National Healthcare Reform through various negotiations and cooperative arrangements or via unilateral action by both the Commonwealth or the states, further development is required (Donato Segal, 2010). Moreover, further development of the reform areas includes empowerment of the patients and responsibility, integrated funding, and its management, optimized pathways for providing care, health networks that are information-enabled, as well as, prevention and wellness of the population. For universal access to healthcare services to all the Australians, the above-mentioned areas need to be developed further for improvement of the primary health care (Williams, 2011). Conclusion A large number of significant initiatives are observed to be undertaken in Australia for improving the performance of healthcare system over the past decade. The incremental, however, the persistent approach has been adopted by the Australias federal government for improving the healthcare systems. Moreover, the development of various reforms and divisions have allowed the engagement of the Australians with the general practices and hence, has continued the healthcares patient-centered ethos (Stephenson, 2010). The National Healthcare Reform developed in the year 2011, which affirmed the improvement of the primary health care was a significant and important milestone achieved in the healthcare setting. The National Healthcare Reform agenda is crucial for future development of the healthcare system and for ensuring the equal access of healthcare services to all the Australians. Moreover, this agenda will help in overcoming the complexity and fragmentation of the accountability and fun ding by improving the arrangements and distribution of funding between the Commonwealth, as well as, the States and Territory for better provision of the integrated healthcare services to all the individuals (Nicholson, Jackson, Marley, Wells, 2012). Recommendations The effect of the primary health care in the healthcare setting not only depends upon the strategic implications but also on the ways by which these implications are achieved. For better and efficient outcomes the development of the therapeutic relationship between the patient and the healthcare practitioners is required. For better quality and performance of the healthcare services, the leadership, as well as, healthcare systems should focus on methods of achieving the best utilization of the people, knowledge, information, and the resources. Moreover, the focus should be increased on recognizing and tackling the social determinants of the health (Stephens Ledlow, 2010). For better-aged care services and its provision to the aged people, the expansion of the community, as well as, home-based assessment and care options should be implemented. For gaining sustainability of the healthcare systems, the tackling of waste, as well as, inefficiency in the healthcare system should be carri ed out systematically. No doubt, there has been tremendous progress in the health status, but still, the flaws related to the funding, as well as, governance still continues to emerge. New innovative approaches should be followed and implemented like Medicare Select for better utilization of the private sector. The political leadership, as well as, strong engagement with the community and healthcare sector is required for achieving sustainable and high-quality primary healthcare systems in Australia (Bennett, 2013) References Bennett, C. (2013). Are we there yet? A journey of health reform in Australia.The Medical Journal Of Australia,199(4), 251-255. Davis, C. Somers, S. (2011). National Health Care Reform and the Public's Health.The Journal Of Law, Medicine Ethics,39, 65-68. Donato, R. Segal, L. (2010). The economics of primary healthcare reform in Australia - towards single fundholding through development of primary care organisations.Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Public Health,34(6), 613-619. Gauld, R. (2011). The WHO and primary healthcare reform: mind the implementation gap.International Journal Of Clinical Practice,65(4), 386-390. Jackson, C. Hambleton, S. (2016). Value co-creation driving Australian primary care reform.Med J Aust,204(7), 45. Millar, J. Beardall, S. (2001). Will Primary Healthcare Reform Improve Health?.Healthcare Quarterly,5(1), 41-44. Nicholson, C., Jackson, C., Marley, J., Wells, R. (2012). The Australian Experiment: How Primary Health Care Organizations Supported the Evolution of a Primary Health Care System.The Journal Of The American Board Of Family Medicine,25(Suppl 1), S18-S26. Oliver-Baxter, J., Brown, L., Dawda, P. (2016). Should the healthcare compass in Australia point towards value-based primary healthcare?.Aust. Health Review. Payments for specific purposes - Health. (2016).Budget.gov.au. Retrieved 23 October 2016, from https://www.budget.gov.au/2016-17/content/bp3/html/bp3_03_part_2b.htm Regmi, K. (2012). Primary Healthcare: A Jigsaw In Reform of the Health Services.Primary Health Care: Open Access,02(02). Stephens, J. Ledlow, G. (2010). Real Healthcare Reform: Focus on Primary Care Access.Hospital Topics,88(4), 98-106. Stephenson, D. (2010). Palliative care nursing in Australia in a time of national health and hospital reform.Progress In Palliative Care,18(6), 330-334. Stitt, N. Aranha, S. (2012). Increasing Consent Rates in Australia; Implementation of the National Reform Agenda.Transplantation Journal,94(10S), 339. Sweet, M. (2011). Australia makes a start on primary healthcare reform, at last.BMJ,342(mar01 2), d1341-d1341. Veronesi, G., Harley, K., Dugdale, P., Short, S. (2014). Governance, transparency and alignment in the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) 2011 National Health Reform Agreement.Aust. Health Review,38(3), 288. Williams, J. (2011). The Continuing Quest for Primary Healthcare Reform: Measuring Performance.Healthcare Policy | Politiques De Sant,7(SP), 8-12.

Say No To Marijuana Legalization Essays - Herbalism,

Say No To Marijuana Legalization Say No to Marijuana Legalization Marijuana also known as cannabis sativa is being used illegally by many Americans today of all ages. Before the 1960s, many Americans had never heard of marijuana, but today it is the most used illegal drug in this country. All types of marijuana are mind-altering drugs. They all contain THC, the main active chemical in marijuana, along with over 400 other chemicals. This drug should stay illegal for many reasons concerning the health and safety of Americans today. Saying no one ever died from smoking marijuana is like saying no one ever died from smoking tobacco. ?Today research shows that nearly 50 percent of teenagers try marijuana before they graduate from high school?(Grinspoon, 92-96). Most young teens and children start using marijuana for many reasons, they are curious, or want to fit in to a specific group of kids. Most young people who already smoke cigarettes and/or use alcohol are at higher risk for marijuana use. Most young people say they use marijuana to deal with psychological problems such as, anger, boredom, depression, anxiety, etc. As much as young people think marijuana is helping their problems, its only making things worse for their bodies and minds. When using marijuana, some users suffer acute anxiety and have paranoid thoughts, this mainly occurs with some one new to the drug or in a strange environment. In some cases, a user who has taken a very high dose of marijuana can have severe psychotic symptoms and need emergency help. Marijuana delay's the user's short term memory, which means they may have trouble handling simple or complex tasks. Due to the effects that marijuana has on the mind, the user my find themselves in a difficult situations such as they could become involved in risky sexual behavior or take part in auto crashes. When you smoke marijuana and then drive or even perform both, many of the skills required for safe driving, may be changed such as, alertness, concentration, coordination and reaction time. These effects can last up to 24 hours after smoking marijuana. Marijuana may also make it difficult to judge distances and react to signals and sounds on the road. ?A recent study of patients in a shock-trauma u nit who had been in traffic accidents revealed that 15 percent of those who had been driving a car or motorcycle had been smoking marijuana, and another 17 percent had alcohol in they're system?(Trebach 68 ). Marijuana can direct the human mind to make wrong or a dangerous choice but it also can damage our bodies. The body can be damaged, just as easy as the mind loses its control over the choices it makes. While all of the long-term effects of marijuana are not yet known, there are studies showing serious health concerns. Findings so far show that the regular use of marijuana or THC may play a role in cancer and problems in the respiratory, immune system, and reproductive systems. It is hard to find out whether marijuana alone causes cancer because many people who smoke marijuana smoke cigarettes and use other drugs. Marijuana smoke contains some of the same cancer-causing compounds as tobacco, sometimes in higher concentrations. ?Studies have shown that five joints per week may be taking in as many cancer causing chemicals as someone who smokes a full pack of cigarettes a day?(Downs 1-4). Tobacco smoke and marijuana smoke may work together to change the tissues lining the respiratory tract. Marijuana smoking could contribute to early development of head and neck cancer in some people. Cases of cancer, including cancer of the mouth, tongue, larynx, jaw, head, neck, and lungs have been reported in young marijuana smokers. Our immune system protects the body from many diseases, when marijuana is smoked it impairs the ability of T-cells in the lungs, causing someone with a disease more susceptible to other illnesses or diseases. Continued us of marijuana can lead to abnormal function of the lungs or airways. Scientists have found signs of lung tissue injured or destroyed by marijuana smoke. Marijuana and tobacco both cause many of the same breathing problems, both of them are addictive. While not everyone who uses marijuana becomes addicted, when a user begins